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A study of smoking and lung cancer was conducted in a small island population. There were a total of 1,000 people in the study, and the study participants were followed over a ten year period. Four hundred were smokers and 600 were not. Of the smokers, fifty developed lung cancer. Of the non-smokers, 10 developed lung cancer.
Calculate the relevant measure of association, interpret and make a conclusion.
Compute Attributable Risk and interpret .
Describe the difference between incidence rate and the prevalence rate.
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- he first involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie = 200 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io = 25 per 100,000. The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It = 100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie = 500 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, it was Io = 250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It = 300. 1. What is relative risk the of developing lung cancer in the first study and of developing coronary heart disease in the second study? Interpret. 2. From the data involving cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result. 3. From the…Out of these associations between a potential exposure (risk factor) and an outcome (health condition or disease), identify the one that is most likely to be causal based on the "strength" of the association. Assume that you no nothing else about the factors and/or the outcomes. Please note: the values of some associations are hypothetical/imaginary, the associations are plausible a. A number of chemicals in tobacco products have been shown to induce cancers in laboratory settings b. Men employed in occupations requiring them to sweep chimneys with tars and/or mineral oils have been shown to have 200 times risk of dying from scrotal cancer compared with men not engaged in such occupations. c. Those who regularly engage in moderate to high intensity physical activity are half as likely to suffer a premature cardiac event compared with those who do not exercise at all. d. Adults who frequently experience inadequate and/or poor quality sleep at night are…In an area of Washington, the occurrence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was investigated among the native white population (679,478 individuals) and among those of Japanese origin (16,122 individuals). At the time of the investigation it was found that for the two groups there were 395 and 10 cases of MS respectively. Which measure of disease occurrence can be calculated? Calculate it for each group.
- Using the Public Health Model, describe how one could quantify the risk to a Beatrice employee, with a genetic heart condition, who smokes and lives in Woburn?A group of 312 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 150 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 162 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 150 patients that continued smoking, 54 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 28 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. Calculate the appropriate measure of association between continued smoking and second heart attack.Why is it important and crucial for investigators to examine incidence density rather than cumulative incidence of intravenous drug use (IDU) in the studies that followed non-ID users over time? A. Incidence density increases with a greater follow-up period B. Incidence density is a better measure for a uniform follow-up period C. Incidence density is a rate, and, hence, accounts for different follow-up periods D. None of the above
- If only the person collecting the data knew who was receiving the pills and who was receiving the placebo, which of the following best describes the study type? A Control B Single blind C Double blind D Bias Answer is B. Single blind? Can you help me to explain to me step by step?Suppose a study looking at the association between smoking and bladder cancer found an odds ratio = 2.4. What would be the best way to interpret this? (Select one answer.) Smokers are 140% times as likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. People with bladder cancer are about 40% more likely to be smokers compared to people who don't have bladder cancer. Smokers have a 2.4 % more risk of bladder cancer compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have 2.4 times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to non-smokers.In a study, where the causal relationship between alcohol drinking and colon cancer was studied, there were 2000 people who consume alcohol and there were 2000 people who do not consume alcohol. These populations were followed up for 10 years and after the following period there were 280 people who had colon cancer in alcohol drinker group, compared with 100 people having colon cancer in the non-drinker group. (e) Interpret your finding in the question What was the relative risk of having colon cancer risk in alcohol drinkers (what does the relative risk you found out)? explain in great detail
- A researcher would like to evaluate the claim that a new drug, "Acne Buster" can help individuals eliminate acne. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 different groups. One group of participants is given the Acne Buster pill daily and the other group is given a placebo (sugar pill). The researcher records the number of acne outbreaks each individual experiences during the 30-day trial run. What type of study (correlational, longitudinal, experimental, naturalistic observation) is this?A study was conducted by the NIH (National Institute for Health) with a large population that examined smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer. In the duration of the study period, 1,800 smokers developed lung cancer. In the same period, 200 nonsmokers developed lung cancer. There were 241,800 current smokers and 478,000 nonsmokers in the total study population. 1.what type study ? Study design options: Ecological, Cross-sectional, Case Control, Prospective Cohort, RetrospectiveCohort, Randomized Clinical TrialPerson 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 i Y; (0) 3000 2500 3000 1500 4000 5000 Y; (1) 4000 3000 2500 4000 5500 6000 D₁ 1 0 1 0 1 0 (a) Explain the "fundamental problem of causal inference." Using all of the potential outcomes in the table, what is the average treatment effect?