Phagocytes have been described as “bloodhounds” searching for a “scent” as they brows through the tissues of the body. The scent they usually seek is chemotactic factor, a peptide released by bacterial cells. Does it strike you as unusual that bacterial cells would release a substance to attract the “bloodhound” that will eventually lead to the bacterial cell’s demise? Explain.

A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers apply

3)  Name each of these cells. A) These immune cells make antibodies.    B) These phagocytes destroy helminths and fungi and play a role in allergies. C) These lymphocytes play a role in the innate response to kill virally infected cells and cancer cells. D) These innate cells are phagocytes that present and activate T cells and activate wound repair. E) These granulocytes are the first cells from the blood to the site of infection. F) These phagocytes present antigens to naïve mature T cells.

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) and lactose intolerance both result from dietary exposure to cow's milk and are often confused. CMA is caused by an abnormal inflammatory response to one or more proteins in cow's milk. Although more than one mechanism appears to be involved in generating this response, the antibody- mediated response is the best understood. Development of the antibody-mediated response occurs in two stages, the first being the generation of an abnormal immune response during initial exposure to milk proteins and the second being the generation of an inflammatory response upon subsequent exposure. Symptoms of antibody-mediated CMA may include hives and respiratory difficulty. Anaphylactic shock rarely occurs but can be fatal if not treated immediately. Lactose intolerance, also known as lactase deficiency, is a condition that results from insufficient synthesis of the enzyme lactase, which converts lactose into glucose and galactose. Although all healthy newborns produce…

The classical sign calor, associated with inflammation, is the result of what physiological event from the release of cytokines? 1) Dilation of blood vessels O 2) Cytokines affecting the hypothalamus O 3) Influx of fluid into the infected area 4) Cytokine recruitment of a large number of phagocytes to the area

Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed against surface glycoproteins of the virus.   These antibodies are critical to viral clearance.  The act to neutralise any virus trying to infect a person’s cells as well as activating the classical pathway of complement and cytotoxic cell-mediated killing of infected target cells. Having a deficiency in the complement component C3 greatly impairs a person’s ability to control HSV infections.   To understand this further, you will investigate this in the lab.  Using C3-deficient mice, you infect them with HSV at day 0 and then a second time 4 weeks later. A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a scientific question and is an important part of practical experiments.  A testable hypothesis is statement that can be proved or disproved as a result of experimentation. You perform an ELISA to measure the antibody response of the C3-deficient and normal mice (referred to as wild-type – WT)…

Which statement best summarizes the two types of cells that B cells differentiate to form? a.) B cells can become plasma cells, which formm antibodies, or memory cells, which help mount an immune response quickly if a pathogen infects the host again.  b.) B cells can become plasma cells, which coordinate cell-mediated immunity, or memory cells, which are responsible for endocrine signaling.  c.) B cells can become memory cellsm which coordinate cell-mediated immunity, or plasma cells, which are responsible for endocrine signaling/  d.) B cells can become memory cells, which form antibodies, or plasma cells, which help mount an immune response quickly if a pathogen infects the host again.

phagocytic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns using their:  Group of answer choices phagosomes perforins pyrogens pattern-recognition receptors

The immune system involves both the humoral and cell-mediated branches. It is known that T cells can perform a range of different functions once selected by antigen encounter, including secretion of soluble compounds to aid other white blood cells, such as B lymphocytes. If T cells can aid the function of B lymohocytes, then is it incorrect to say that both branches of the immune system (humoral and cell-mediated) involves B cells? I ask this question because I commonly hear that humoral immunity involves B cells rather than both branches.

16) which for the following cells are phagocytic? a) oligodendrocytes  b) microglia  c) ependymal cells d) astocytes