pH is regulated: A) Primarily utilizing ion exchange in the collecting ducts B) By the loop of Henle C) Via hydrogen ion exchange for sodium ion or potassium ion across kidney membranes D) By ion exchange in the collecting ducts and by the loop of Henle E) By filtering hydrogen ion at the glomerulus

What is the relationship between electrolytes and urine pH? What physiological mechanisms facilitate this relationship?

** SELECT ALL THAT APPLY ** The descending limb of the nephron loop a) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule b) is permeable to water only c) empties into the collecting duct d)contains fluid that becomes more and more concentrated as it moves down the tubule into the medulla e) is freely permeable to sodium and urea

One reason that the osmolarity becomes higher at the bottom part of the loop of Henle is because A) aquaporins are present on the ascending loop of Henle B) aquaporins are present on the descending loop of Henle C) there is no salt gradient within the renal medulla D) Na+ and Cl- ions diffuse out of the descending loop of Henle

The first step in urine production is called filtration and is a process that takes place because the blood pressure in ___________ is so high that water, salts and other small molecules are squeezed out in ____________. a) glomerulus, bowmans capsule b) Efferent arterioles, proximal tubules c) bowmans capsule, glomerulus d) glomerulus, proximal tubules

1) If the excretion of a substance is less than the filtration rate, the substance must be just secreted filtered and secreted filtered and reabsorbed just filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed 2) In the absence of vasopressin, what would happen to the urine concentration?a.    It would be concentratedb.    It would be dilutec.    Vasopressin has nothing to do with urine concentration   3) Blood going from systemic veins through the right ventricle is _________a.    high in 02 and high in CO2b.    low in hemoglobinc.    high in hemoglobind.    low in 02 and high in CO2e.    low in 02 and low in CO2