Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin resistant and a few years later the level of resistance was 95%. Explain the various ways this resistance could be spread among the cells. Could this resistance pass to other infectious bacteria from N. gonorrhoeae?

Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin resistant and a few years later the level of resistance was 95%. Explain the various ways this resistance could be spread among the cells. Could this resistance pass to other infectious bacteria from N. gonorrhoeae?

Curren'S Math For Meds: Dosages & Sol

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305143531

Author:CURREN

Publisher:CURREN

Chapter15: Adult And Pediatric Dosages Based On Body Weight

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4.4P

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Imagine a newly developed drug that is highly lethal against all stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. The drug has been found to be safe and effective both for human and for veterinary use. Although the drug can eliminate infection in both humans and cats, its use in humans will have vey little impact on overall prevalence of human toxoplasmosis. Its use in cats, alternatively, could, at least in theory, reduce prevalence in both humans and cats. Explain this difference.
In a case study, scientists frequently infer that Malignant transformation of hymenolepis nana in human host occurred because of the patient’s HIV/AIDS status and resultant immunocompromised state. When N=1, is such an inference statistically justified? In addition to Yes or No, jot down your thoughts on the possible association between AIDS and this case.
An epidemiological study of 500 men between the ages of 20 and 65 years of age revealed a correlation between an increased consumption of tomatoes and a lower incidence of prostate cancer. The results of this study do not prove that increased tomato consumption lowers the risk for prostate cancer because: A) The study shows a correlation between two factors that may or may not actually have an effect on each other. B) The study does not show how tomatoes lower prostate cancer risk. C) A single study cannot provide enough evidence to conclusively prove an effect. D) All of the above are valid reasons.
A group of researchers wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of mask-wearing, handwashing, social distancing, and other personal protective measures in preventing COVID-19 infections They recruited two groups of participants. Those in group 1 tested positive for COVID-19, whereas those in group 2 tested negative for COVID-19. Each of the participants in each group had a history of recent contact with someone who was confirmed COVID-19 positive . Thereafter, participants in each group were asked whether they wore a face mask, the type of mask, and the frequency of wearing a mask; whether and how frequently they practiced handwashing; and whether they complied with social distancing guidelines. The above describes which of the following epidemiological study designs ? a. Cohort study b. Descriptive study c. Cross-sectional study d. Case-control study
In 1971, Alfred Knudson noticed that children like Kay, who have retinoblastoma in both eyes (bilateral), presented at earlier ages than those who had unilateral disease. To explain these different disease kinetics, he proposed the “two-hit hypothesis.” What does this hypothesis propose?
Drug-resistant TB can be acquired via sequential mutations in the pathogen’s genome, or via transmission of a resistant pathogen from another person. How can these events be distinguished? Why is it important to know which is more prevalent?
During the anthrax crisis of 2001, public health officials urged citizens not to take the antibiotic ciprofloxacin as a preventative measure. Public health officials were concerned that overuse of ciprofloxacin would lead to resistant varieties of anthrax and other bacterial pathogens. Ciprofloxacin is one of the few readily available antibiotics that can treat anthrax. 1)Do you think that public health officials should more directly regulate the availability of ciprofloxacin to ensure its proper use? 2)Why?
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) haslisted six steps individualscan take to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. a.One of the recommendations is “Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.”Explain why when you have a flu, your health care worker would say that you do not need antibiotics. What are the other five recommendations?
A 65-year-old woman has a long-term central venous catheter for intravenous therapy. She develops fever and subsequently has multiple blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. All of the S. epidermidis isolates have the same colony morphology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, suggesting that they are the same strain. In what possible way do you think she has contracted the bacteria? Which link in the chain of infection has broken in this particular scenario and what will be your advice to avoid such infections?
An epidemiological study involved 674 workers of a vinyl chloride (a plastic manufacturing chemical) manufacturing plant. The study aimed to determine an association between exposure to vinyl chloride and liver cancer. Out of 200 workers who routinely worked in vinyl chloride production area, 15 developed liver cancer. Another group of workers consisting of individuals with smoking histories similar to the plant workers, and who were unlikely to have encountered vinyl chloride, had 24 develop liver cancers and 450 who did not develop liver cancer. a. Given the above information, fill in the 2x2 table below: Exposed: Plant workers Not Exposed: Control group TOTAL b. Calculate the relative risk Developed Liver Cancer Did not Develop Liver Cancer TOTAL 674
Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenes
In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…