O ■ Example: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.005, but A2A2 homozygous recessives are 50% less fit (s = 0.5) than either A1A1 or A₁A2. What are the expected equilibrial abundances of A₁ and A2? μ = 0.005 S = 0.5 ● ● (pl/s) ● p*= 1-sqrt(u/s) = 1-sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.9 q* = sqrt(u/s) = sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.1 Question: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.01, but A2A2 homozygous recessives are 40% less fit (s = 0.4) than either A1A1 or A₁A2. What are the expected equilibrial abundances of A₁ and A2?

4) In frost moths, two alleles of one gene determine the character difference of spotted versus striped wings and two alleles of a separate, independent gene determine the character difference of orange wing background versus white wing background. The results for four matings of moth phenotypes are shown in the image attached. a) Assign the letter “s” to the wing pattern gene and letter “w” to the background color gene. Write in the capital letter for the dominant phenotype and the lower case letter for the recessive phenotype. Also, write whether each allele is dominant (D) or recessive (R). Wing pattern gene: Spotted  - letter assignment:____ - dominant or recessive:____ Striped - letter assignment:____ - dominant or recessive:____ Background color gene: orange: - letter assignment:____ - dominant or recessive:____ white: - letter assignment:____ - dominant or recessive:_____   b) Based on the four matings in Question 4: What are the genotypes of each parent in each cross? If more…

7. In humans, the alleles for blood type are designated I^ (A-type blood), I ^ B (B-type blood) and i (O-type blood). What are the expected frequencies of phenotypes in the following matings? Draw a Punnett square showing the results for a). a) heter A x heter B: %A %B %0 %AB b) I ^ A * I ^ B * I ^ A_{i} : c) I ^ A * I ^ A * I ^ B * I ^ B : d) ABO :

6.4 Write genotypes correctly to indicate if two genes are linked or not and if linked, the arrangement of the alleles on homologues.

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What type of linkage is shown here? CH₂OH H K ОН H ОН H O Alpha (1,4) O Beta (1,2) Beta (1,6) O Alpha (1,2) O Alpha (1,6) ان O Beta (1,4) ОН CH₂OH ОН ОН H H CH2OH

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3.9 How many different kinds of F, gametes, F, genotypes, and F, phenotypes would be expected from the following crosses: (а) АА Х аа; (b) АА ВВ Х aa b; (c) АA ВВ СС Х аа bb cc? (d) What general formulas are suggested by these answers? ANS: F, Gametes F, Genotypes F, Phenotypes (a) 2 2 (b) 2 × 2 = 4 3 X 3 = 9 2 X 2 = 4 (c) 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 2", where n is the number of genes (d) 2" 3" 3.

Thank you.