Atropine (I) and Ipratropium bromide (II) are both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Common side effects of atropine (1) include dizziness, blurred vision, and sedation. With Ipratropium bromide (II) these side effects are much less common. Given the two structures below, what might be the reason for the different side-effect profile of the two drugs?

Briefly explain....Represent the reactions when Phosphatidylethanolamine was treated with; (I) Phospholipase C (ii) Phospholipase D

Using the cultured cells used in this experiment and described in the introduction, how would you approach determining the potency of an agonist to the D2 receptor?

One such neurotoxin, Sarin (chemical name: propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate) is considered a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations by virtue of its ability to kill with great efficiency in very low concentrations.  a. Where does Sarin have its effect (what is/are its target) and describe the mechanism of action of Sarin (how does it kill)? b. Describe the physical symptoms observed in those stricken with Sarin that are consistent with this mechanism of action. Include flaccid/tonic paralysis, as applicable.