It has been suggested from study of cell cultures in a lab setting (not demonstrated in living tissue within a human) that an mRNA vaccine can produce short segments of DNA by reverse transcription.  At any given time, trillions of viruses are active in a human body and viral DNA is added to the human genome by these viruses.  How much viral DNA is present in the average young adult?  How does this viral DNA affect the functioning of the cell/tissue/system/human?  Is it permanent? Explain

If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.

1. Precise words:Find the nonspecific terms in the following sentences. Replace the nonspecific choices with more preciseterms or phrases (It is not necessary to change the sentence structure).(i) All OVE mutants showed enhanced iP concentrations.(ii) Plants were kept in the cold overnight.(iii) To provide proof of concept for our hypothesis, we studied a virus in its host cell.(iv) The present paper reports on continuing experiments that were performed to clarify thissurprising effect.(v) The first transition state is a little lower in energy than the second transition state. 2. Simple words:Improve the word choice in the following examples by replacing the underlined terms or phrases withsimpler word choices (do not change the sentence structure).(i) These data substantiate our hypothesis.(ii) The difference in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted forby the fact that different conditions were used.(iii) For the purpose of discussing cell migration we…

You are studying RNA viruses and have discovered one that grows well in a culture of eukaryotic cells. You know that the virus is a single-stranded RNA virus, but you don't know if it is positive or negative stranded. Your lab-mate says, "Well, just treat your cell culture with cyclohexamide and see if the virus replicates its genome." You know that cyclohexamide inhibits protein elongation by binding to eukaryotic ribosomes. What is the basis of your lab-mate's suggestion?

Viruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.

Finding drugs to treat viruses is far more challenging than finding drugs to treat bacteria.  A. Why the difference?        Ans: Viruses need a host cell to replicate and a bacteria needs food to continue to replicate.                                     B. What can anti-viral drugs target in order to bring a viral infection under control, or to prevent a viral infection in the first place?               Ans: To bring an infection under control you would want to inhibit protease so it could not break down the polypeptide protein chain down into new protein coats. C. What can anti-viral drugs target to prevent a viral infection in the first place?             Ans: To prevent a viral infection in the first place you could take a medication that would alter the surface receptor, fill in the surface receptor or inhibits the viral surface protein all together. D. Offer 2 examples of drugs used to control viral infections (specify virus) and how do they  work on different targets. Ans:…

Draw a generic (+)RNA virus replication cycle.  For viruses, (+) RNA indicates the genomic RNA can be translated directly.  How would this differ from the system you drew in #1?  Draw a generic (+) RNA virus replication cycle. Indicate which proteins need to be present for RNA replication and translation. Where would they act? Indicate what sequences or modifications would need to be present on the virus RNA for RNA replication and translation. How might a virus differentiate between RNA to be put into progeny virus particles and RNA to be translated into protein?

I need help with these questions I’ve completed for biology homework. So basically it says “A company was testing a new drug it thought it would help decrease the risk of transmission of virus from mother to fetus. In an experiment to test the drug, an investigator gave 400 pregnant female rats a small dose of the experimental drug and inocululated each type of virus known to causes disease in rats. At the same time, 400 other pregnant rats were given only the virus. All rats were given the same food and kept in similar cages. Of the rat pups born to females that received both the virus and the drug. 203 showed no symptoms of the disease; 205/rat pups born to the virus-only females showed symptoms. I wrote down the hypothesis I said the drug will decrease the rate of transmission of the virus from mother to fetus Then I wrote down independent/dependent which was the drug being independent and the transmission of virus being dependent Then I wrote the controlled variables…

The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work?   Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3

Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign viral DNA (see Bacterial Defense Mechanisms). Yet clearly some bacteria have evolved competence, the ability to take up foreign DNA from the environment. Why do bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment and yet exclude DNA from viruses?