Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
From , figure Explain how this technique can be
used to diagnose infections with group A streptococci.
An immune response is the type of antibody production and activates in response to foreign antigen. In type III hypersensitivity, excessive production of immunoglobin IgG and IgM to a foreign or self‐antigen can lead to the development and accumulation of extreme amounts of insoluble intermediate‐sized immune complexes, which can be challenging to remove from various tissues by phagocytosis. This in turn may further, activate classical complement activation, leading to excessive production of other inflammatory mediators, activation and degranulation of peripheral blood granulocytes, such as basophils or an influx of neutrophils to particular tissues, such as the kidneys, lungs and joints culminating in damage.
Group A streptococci are extracellular bacterial pathogens that cause a variety of pyogenic infections affecting the mucous membranes, tonsils, skin, and deeper tissues, including, pneumonia, and meningitis. Infections could be mild to severe and may include multiple complications and even death.
Treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is possible with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)that decreases the death rate. The reason could be that IVIG produces neutralizing antibodies. All three streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, A, B, and C, were inhibited by the IVIG.
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