In your own words, explain each of the hallmarks of cancer. (immortality, produce go signals, override stop signals, resist cell death, angiogenesis and how it relates to metastasis.

Discuss the relationship between protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and cancer. ( no intro and please make it short 4-5 sentence) if possible

Please explain how cancer is a disease of the cell cycle checkpoints. you must explain how the function of p53 and proto-oncogenes, how alterations in p53 or proto-oncogenes can cause cell cycle alteration, and how this leads to the typical phenotypes seen in cancer cells.

Explain why each of the following is a risk factor for cancer:  age, loss-of-function mutations in repair or tumor-suppressor genes, certain viruses such as HPV, chemical mutagens, radiation/UV light

Which of the following is not a cancer risk factor.

The majority of metastases are the result of cancer cell invasion through which one of the following (select one)?   A. Soft tissues   B. Skin   C. Blood Vessels   D. Lymphatic vessels   E. Bone

A second hit might arise because of viral infection. Tumor-initiating viruses often target RB1 for inactivation. What advantage would a virus gain by inactivating RB function in the host cell? Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an example of a virus that inactivates RB and causes tumors. Which cancer is HPV infection most closely associated with? How is HPV able to inactivate RB? (3-4 sentences only) (You’ll need to use the internet for this question, so make sure you paraphrase AND cite your sources)

Why are histopathologists interested in the percentage of mitotic cells in a tissue biopsy?  1.High rates of cell division (i.e. a high mitotic index) are characteristic of tumours 2.Low rates of cell division (i.e. a low mitotic index) are indicative of tumours 3.Mature differentiated cells continue to go through the cell cycle 4.They are interested in looking for misshapen cells.

Describe and discuss the characteristics of cancer cells. (keep it short please 4-5 sentence)

What is one way mitosis is different from meiosis? O Mitosis produces two cells with 46 chromosomes O Mitosis makes new cells but meiosis does not. O Mitosis has prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and osis does not. O Meiosis start with 46 chromosomes but mitosis does not.