What is allosteric regulation? Describe HOW allosteric regulation acts like an “on/off” switch for signal pathway receptors and WHY it is important to be able to turn a receptor off.
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What is allosteric regulation? Describe HOW allosteric regulation acts like an “on/off” switch for signal
pathway receptors and WHY it is important to be able to turn a receptor off.
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- What is signal transduction? Illustrate and describe the molecular events in signal transduction pathways involving 1) G-protein-coupled receptors and 2) enzyme linked receptors.AMPK and mTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.Explain, in detail, how tyrosine kinase proteins are involved in one signal transduction pathway of your choice. Make sure you describe the complete pathway in which it is involved. Then, describe how you would experimentally demonstrate the requirement of a tyrosine kinase protein in your chosen pathway.
- In the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The gamma subunit of the trimeric G protein has a transmembrane domain whereas the alpha and beta subunits are peripheral proteins If G alpha was locked in a GTP bound state, it would be bound to the effector enzyme rather than to the beta and gamma subunits. In some but not all signaling pathways, when the beta and gamma subunits are separated from alpha - the beta/gamma pair can also stimulate the activation of effectorsContinuous exposure of a G protein-coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecule mechanisms for receptor desensitizationWhat are the most common sites on proteins that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?
- Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.To understand how a signaling pathway works, it is often useful to isolate the cell-surface receptor and to measure the activity of downstream effector proteins under different conditions. How could you use affinity chromatography to isolate a cell-surface receptor?Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and why?
- Pathway divergence occurs when: signaling pathways use a common intermediate one signaling pathway triggers another O signaling pathways produce the same outcome signaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes Question 8 Where are receptor tyrosine kinases usually phosphorylated? O tyrosine residues in the allosteric regulatory portion tyrosine residues in the N-terminal portion tyrosine residues in the transmembrane portion O tyrosine residues in the C-terminal portionContinuous exposure of a Gαs protein coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecular mechanisms for receptor desensitization. How can a receptor be reset to its original sensitized state? What effect would a mutant receptor lacking serine or threonine phosphorylation sites have on a cell?Briefly discuss the mechanism in receptor signal transduction