In the following pathway, which signaling molecules are upstream and which are downstream of Ca2+? G protein G protein-phospholipase adenylyl cyclase cyclic AMP PKA signal molecule signal molecule. RTK activated GPCR Ras CAM Kinase calmodulin CaM-kinase transcription regulators diacylglycerol PKC Phospholipase ✓ Choose... Downstream Calmodulin IF Choose... Upstream Not in pathway Chvost... Choose... many target proteins Ras-GEF ↓ Ras activated RTK MAP kinase kinase kinase MAP kinase kinase plasma membrane MAP kinase ◆ PI 3-kinase phosphorylated inositol phospholipid protein kinase 1 Akt kinase

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Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.