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In quorum sensing, why might a bacterium synthesize more than one type of signaling molecule?
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- What role does quorum sensing play in cell signaling and how does it impact microbial communities?What are the 3 pillars of signal transduction that are employed by bacteria for communication? Describe, compare, and contrast each type. Cite an example and elaborate the pathway (i.e., molecular process).Identify which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a. Bacterial biofilms due to quorum sensing can be found on medical equipment and implants such as hip or knee replacements or heart pacemakers. b. Quorum sensing uses autoinducers as signaling molecules. Autoinducers are signaling molecules secreted by bacteria to communicate only with the same species of bacteria. c. The first evidence of bacterial communication was observed in a bacterium that has a symbiotic relationship with Hawaiian bobtail squid.
- How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.Soil bacteria such as Streptomyces spp. produce the bulk of known antibiotics. It has been suggested that in nature antibiotics serve as signaling molecules, allowing members of the same species or strain to communicate. If this is the case, what might these molecular signals be “saying” and how would such a message be transmitted?Which answer correctly shows a signal transduction pathway? GPCR -> Active Gq -> Active Phospholipase C -> Cleaves PIP2 -> IP3 and DAG GPCR -> Active Gq -> Active Phospholipase C -> Cleaves IP3 -> PIP2 GPCR -> Active Gq -> Active Phospholipase C -> Cleaves DAG -> PIP2 and IP3 GPCR -> Active Gq -> Cleaves PIP2 -> IP3-> Active Phospholipase C
- You have isolated a new species of infectious bacteria. The bacterium releases a toxin that you believe is adversely affecting heterotrimeric Gs (stimulatory)-protein-based signaling. To explore this hypothesis you use an epithelial cell line that is expressing a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-labeled α subunit and a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-labeled β subunit of a heterotrimeric Gs-protein. CFP emits blue light and has excitation and emission wavelengths of 440 nm and 490 nm, respectively. YFP emits yellow light and has excitation and emission wavelengths of 490 nm and 527 nm, respectively. To test your hypothesis, you perform two experiments. First, you apply a signaling ligand known to activate this Gs protein and track yellow fluorescence. Second, you apply the signaling ligand and the purified bacterial toxin simultaneously and track yellow fluorescence. Which of the following conclusion will you draw based on the above experimental data? The toxin locks the α subunit…What is the benefit of using second messangers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction step of cell signaling?You stimulated the cell with a ligand and analyzed the response. Upon ligand treatment, the cell increased the expression of gene α and decreased expression of gene β. When you inhibit cyclic AMP production by treating the cell with an inhibitor of Adenylyl cyclase, the increased expression of gene α was not observed but the decrease gene β expression was still observed. a) What you can expect for gene α regulation by this ligand? What signaling mechanism could be used? b) To determine how gene β is regulated by the ligand via what signaling mechanism, provide your hypothesis and indicate a potential experiment that you can perform to test that.
- The movement of signaling molecules such as Ca2+ and cAMP from cell to adjacent cell coordinates the responses of cells in tissues. This is achieved by aggregation to which of the following cell adhesion proteins?A) CadherinsB) ConnexinsC) IntegrinsD) Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)E) SelectinsDescribe e-cadherins' ligand affinity properties. What is e-cadherins' role in cell sorting? Have detail.Is quorum sensing a positive or negative feedback mechanism?