In chloroplasts, a greater pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane is required to power the synthesis of ATP than is required across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Explain this difference.

Q: 12. Use Figure 4 for questions a-c below. ATP synthase matrix intermembrane space. Figure 4: Sketch…

A: Mitochondria is organelle that is the place for Electron transport chain (ETC). It contains an…

Q: Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP:…

A: Phosphorylation is the process of the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound. It is an…

Q: Predict the eff ect of adding myxothiazol, an inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial…

A: An electron transport (ETC) chain is a process in which the energy is synthesized. It involves…

Q: To determine: How chloroplasts generate a larger proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane than…

A: The photochemical and electron transport reactions of photosynthesis process occur at the thylakoid…

Q: Assume a pH gradient of 4.0 units across a thylakoid membrane, with the lumen more acidic than the…

A: The longest wavelength of the light may provide sufficient energy to pump a proton against the…

Q: Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large mitochondrial trans-membrane protein complexes…

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Q: A culture of the single celled organism Chlamydomonas is actively carrying out photosynthesis in the…

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Q: Hydrogen cyanide gas is a lethal poison that binds to the last cytochrome molecule in the electron…

A: Poisoning with cyanide is a toxicity that occurs from exposure to any of the variety of cyanide…

Q: What would be the effect on ATP production of decreasing the pH inside the mitochondrial matrix?…

A: The mitochondria is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most of the eukaryotic organisms.…

Q: Draw a diagram depicting the processes of electron transport and chemiosmosis in the mitochondrion.…

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Q: Explain, using a diagram, how during acyclic photophosphorylation (photophase) an electrochemical…

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Q: Briefly describe the structure of ETCs and their role in ATP formation. How do mitochondrial chains…

A: The electron transport chain is located at the inner mitochondrial membrane which is impermeable to…

Q: Explain how a gradient of protons is established across the inner mitochondrial      membrane during…

A: Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure down their…

Q: Draw a simple word diagram showing the path of electrons through the electron-transport chain.b) On…

A: Electron transport chain is responsible for the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. These high energy…

Q: Explain how the mechanism of ATP generation in the chloroplast similar to that in the mitochondria?…

A: Introduction Plants and other organisms use photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical…

Q: When electron gradients are created in photosythesis and cellular respiration, the electrons are…

A: The electrochemical gradient is generated during respiration and photosynthesis. The movement of…

Q: Cytochrome B5 is one of many cytochrome molecules in Electron Transport Chain. How would electron…

A: Cytochromes are a group of proteins that contain heme as a prosthetic group and play a crucial role…

Q: Make a rough drawing of the four complexes in the Electron Transport Chain. Label each side of the…

A: The electron transport chain is the process by which the reducing equivalents are oxidized. The…

Q: Chloroplast are called energy convertors. Explain.

A: Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment…

Q: Only some plant cells have chloroplasts, but all actively metabolizing plant cells have…

A: Introduction   A cell is the basic unit of all organisms be it unicellular, multicellular,…

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Q: In photosynthesis, CO2 carbon atoms are transformed to glucose carbon atoms. (a) Are the CO2 carbon…

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Q: Given the roles of NAD+ /NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, would you…

A: A redox reaction is chemical reaction which involves transfer of electrons between the two reactants…

Q: Describe the PPP reactions (metabolites and enzymes involved) that would be used if the cell…

A: Pentose phosphate pathways or PPP: It is a metabolic pathway for glucose-6-phosphate metabolization.…

Q: Unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts do not have a transporter that allows them to export ATP to the…

A: Metabolic activities in plants.

Q: The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast has features similar to the mitochondrial inner membrane.…

A: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are double-layered organelles present in eukaryotic plant cells.…

Q: For the chloroplast, the thylakoid membrane separates the thylakoid lumen from the stroma; the…

A: In chloroplasts, the movement of electrons though the electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane…

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Q: Could the inner mitochondrial membrane carry out its functions in the coupling of electron transport…

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Q: Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. How is its role different in aerobic cellular respiration?…

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Q: Illustrate the relationships among the membranes and compartments of (a) mitochondria and (b)…

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Q: What type of ATPase would be found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast?

A: ATPase is involved in the conversion and transportation of energy. It converts ATP or adenosine…

Q: Show a diagram of electron transport chain in cellular respiration and highlight that phase in the…

A: Cellular respiration is defined as the metabolic pathway or cycle responsible for breaking down the…

Q: The establishment of the proton gradient is a very important part of photosynthesis. Briefly explain…

A:

Q: Does cellular respiration result in a net input of energy or a net output of energy? Explain.

A: Answer: CELLULAR RESPIRATION : It is the metabolic process in which free energy is released from the…

Q: Describe two different ways in which ATP is generated in cellular respiration.

A: ATP is a high-energy molecule that acts as the energy currency of the cell. The non-spontaneous…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.