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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- Genotype and environment interact to produce the phenotype ofan animal. Explain comprehensively the types of mechanisms bywhich this interaction takes place.. Consider the genotypes of two lines of chickens: thepure-line mottled Honduran is i/i ; D/D ; M/M ; W/W, andthe pure-line leghorn is I/I ; d/d ; m/m ; w/w, whereI = white feathers, i = colored feathersD = duplex comb, d = simplex combM = bearded, m = beardlessW = white skin, w = yellow skinThese four genes assort independently. Starting withthese two pure lines, what is the fastest and mostconvenient way of generating a pure line that has coloredfeathers, has a simplex comb, is beardless, and has yellowskin? Make sure that you showa. the breeding pedigree.b. the genotype of each animal represented.c. how many eggs to hatch in each cross, and why thisnumber.d. why your scheme is the fastest and the mostconvenientWhat is meant by the term genetic variation? Give two examplesof genetic variation . What causesgenetic variation at the molecular level?
- What describes the phenotypic plasticity of an organism best? O the degree of which individuals can change over time by altering their genotype O the effect of variable environment on the genotype of an organism O the variation of the target phenotype for a given genotype in different environments O the change of a phenotype due to ingestion of detrimental plastic material (as for instance plastic straws by sea turtles). O the degree of which a given genotype is adapted to a particular environmentDate Name Punnett Square Practice Worksheet 1) For each of the genotypes (AA, Aa or aa) below determine what the phenotype would be. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. PP Pp PP Hairy knuckies are dominant to non-hairy knuckles in humans. Hh hh HH Bobtails in cats are recessive. Normal tails are dominant. Tt tt TT 2) For each of the following write whether it is homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive. AA gg Pp Ii TT Use the following information for questions 3-5: In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (F) codes for grey fur and the recessive allele (f) codes for black fur. 3) The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is homozygous recessive. Figure out the percentage or ratio of possible phenotypes and genotypes of their puppies by using a Punnett Square. Plae the oileles for the mule parent helm One alele n e h lie: % of possible Genotypes: FF Plar the alfele f he emle p r ti side One elleir on ch tine Ff: % of possible…Give an example of a trait that may have evolved as a result of the handicap principle and explain your reasoning.
- br br BERr BR BbRr BURY BR How many F, Guinea pigs may have black eyes and rough fur?. How many F, Guinea pigs may have red eyes and smooth fur? How many F, Guinea pigs may be homozygous for both genes?. How many F, Guinea pigs may be heterozygous for both genes?Traits are are controlled by a single gene, such as corn color, can be used fo predictability of trait in inheritance in humans also. This is especially import for parents who may carry alleles that code for diseases. Parents can predic probabilities that their child might inherit a disease if they know their own genotype. Parents that are carriers (heterozygous) may not show disease, bu can still pass on a disease allele. Read the scenario below (in bold). Using a separate piece of paper and draw out a Punnett square, with required information (questions 1-5). The letter D will be used to represent the domina (healthy) allele. Tom and his wife Julie are both carriers for cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disease. Draw a Punnett square and be sure to include the following information for full credit: 1. Place the parents alleles at the top and on the left side. 2. Write in the allele crosses inside the Punnett squares. 3. Write out the genotypes probabilities for an offspring. 4.…When artificial selection is practiced over many generations, it iscommon for the trait to reach a plateau in which further selectionhas little effect on the outcome of the trait. This phenomenon isillustrated as shown. Explain why it occurs.
- Hello Heliodors! (cont.) Trait B Heliodors are either red (R), yellow (Y) or an intermediate phenotype, orange. What is the genotype of the orange heliodor? СС Сс cc C'CY CRCY CRCRA. Explain which force of evolution is seen here by a hybrid bird landing on an island that is not its home and breeding with the indigenous population. B. Explain which force of evolution randomly chooses an individual from a larger gene pool to form a new, smaller population with less genetic variety.Hello Heliodors! (cont.) Trait A For Heliodors, having four arm-like extensions is dominant over having two. In a family of Heliodors, Hayden has four arm-like extensions like his mother Helen. His father, Harry, and sister, Holly both have two. What are the genotypes of everyone in this family of Heliodors? What is Hayden's genotype? O Not enough information to determine. AA (homozygous dominant) Aa (heterozygous) aa (homozygous recessive)