Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Which of the following conditions were kept the same between the control group and the experimental group? Select all that apply. Incubation time Temperature Seed spacing Light availability Water availability
Learn It: Describe the steps of the
scientific method.
When an experiment is conducted to test a hypothesis and data are
obtained, a conclusion can be made. The ability to make a valid
conclusion depends, in part, however, on how well an experiment is
designed. When testing the effects that a particular variable has on
the subjects of an experiment, other variables must be controlled.
Experiments typically manipulate only one variable the independent
variable to determine if that specific manipulation has an effect on
the system being observed. The subjects receiving the manipulated
variable or treatment is called the experimental group. The other
subjects being tested-the control group-differ from the
experimental group by only that one independent variable.
As you may recall, scientific inquiry or the scientific method begins
with observations. Let's consider an example. A researcher was
growing pea plants to use for a future study on photosynthesis. To
germinate (begin to grow) the seeds, the researchers wrapped the
seeds in moistened paper towels, covered them with aluminum foil,
and placed them on a countertop at room temperature (23 °C). After
Learn It: Describe the steps of the
scientific method.
five days, they came back to collect the sprouted seeds. They noticed
that some of the seeds on the countertop were in direct sunlight
coming in from a nearby window; this was unintended, but an
important observation. The researchers also observed that the
germination rate was higher in the seeds exposed to the sunlight
coming through the window. Have you ever noticed that when you
are sitting in direct sunlight, you feel warmer? Although, the seeds
were wrapped in aluminum foil and shaded from direct sunlight, the
researchers wondered if the germination rate was affected by
sunlight heating the aluminum foil. Following their observations, they
designed an experiment to test the following hypothesis:
If increased temperature stimulates seed germination, then seeds
incubated at higher temperatures will have a higher germination rate
than seeds incubated at lower temperatures.
Experiment:
Three paper towels, each with six evenly spaced seeds, were
moistened with 1 ml of water and folded over the seeds. Each of the
expand button
Transcribed Image Text:Learn It: Describe the steps of the scientific method. When an experiment is conducted to test a hypothesis and data are obtained, a conclusion can be made. The ability to make a valid conclusion depends, in part, however, on how well an experiment is designed. When testing the effects that a particular variable has on the subjects of an experiment, other variables must be controlled. Experiments typically manipulate only one variable the independent variable to determine if that specific manipulation has an effect on the system being observed. The subjects receiving the manipulated variable or treatment is called the experimental group. The other subjects being tested-the control group-differ from the experimental group by only that one independent variable. As you may recall, scientific inquiry or the scientific method begins with observations. Let's consider an example. A researcher was growing pea plants to use for a future study on photosynthesis. To germinate (begin to grow) the seeds, the researchers wrapped the seeds in moistened paper towels, covered them with aluminum foil, and placed them on a countertop at room temperature (23 °C). After Learn It: Describe the steps of the scientific method. five days, they came back to collect the sprouted seeds. They noticed that some of the seeds on the countertop were in direct sunlight coming in from a nearby window; this was unintended, but an important observation. The researchers also observed that the germination rate was higher in the seeds exposed to the sunlight coming through the window. Have you ever noticed that when you are sitting in direct sunlight, you feel warmer? Although, the seeds were wrapped in aluminum foil and shaded from direct sunlight, the researchers wondered if the germination rate was affected by sunlight heating the aluminum foil. Following their observations, they designed an experiment to test the following hypothesis: If increased temperature stimulates seed germination, then seeds incubated at higher temperatures will have a higher germination rate than seeds incubated at lower temperatures. Experiment: Three paper towels, each with six evenly spaced seeds, were moistened with 1 ml of water and folded over the seeds. Each of the
Learn It: Describe the steps of the
scientific method.
paper towels was then wrapped in aluminum foil, placed in a dark
room, and incubated for five days at either 23 °C, 26 °C, or 29 °C.
After five days, all seeds were removed, and seed germination was
determined. The results are shown in the following table:
Incubation temperature (°C) Number of seeds germinated/6
23
26
29
3
29
5
6
In this example, the researchers observed a higher germination rate
among seeds warmed by sunlight. They predicted or hypothesized
that the in
tempera
the higher gormination rato
Learn It: Describe the steps of the
scientific method.
In this example, the researchers observed a higher germination rate
among seeds warmed by sunlight. They predicted or hypothesized
that the increased temperature caused the higher germination rate.
To test their hypothesis, they incubated some seeds at room
temperature, or 23°C (the control group), and incubated other seeds
at higher temperatures (the experimental group). Additionally, they
controlled for other variables such as light availability, seed count,
seed spacing, amount of water, and incubation time. By designing an
experiment that controlled these other variables, the researchers
were able to conclude that the difference in germination rate
between the control group and the experimental group was most
likely due to the independent variable.
expand button
Transcribed Image Text:Learn It: Describe the steps of the scientific method. paper towels was then wrapped in aluminum foil, placed in a dark room, and incubated for five days at either 23 °C, 26 °C, or 29 °C. After five days, all seeds were removed, and seed germination was determined. The results are shown in the following table: Incubation temperature (°C) Number of seeds germinated/6 23 26 29 3 29 5 6 In this example, the researchers observed a higher germination rate among seeds warmed by sunlight. They predicted or hypothesized that the in tempera the higher gormination rato Learn It: Describe the steps of the scientific method. In this example, the researchers observed a higher germination rate among seeds warmed by sunlight. They predicted or hypothesized that the increased temperature caused the higher germination rate. To test their hypothesis, they incubated some seeds at room temperature, or 23°C (the control group), and incubated other seeds at higher temperatures (the experimental group). Additionally, they controlled for other variables such as light availability, seed count, seed spacing, amount of water, and incubation time. By designing an experiment that controlled these other variables, the researchers were able to conclude that the difference in germination rate between the control group and the experimental group was most likely due to the independent variable.
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