If plasma osmolarity is the independent variable and vasopressin release is the dependent variable, which graph would best describe their relationship?

Explain the role of the countercurrent multiplier in a kidney.

List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through before entering the tubule lumen.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is produced by endothelial cells throughout the body, but the majority is produced in the lungs. Some pulmonary disorders actually lead to an increase in ACE production. Consider what the consequences of this might be both directly on sodium balance, and indirectly on water balance. Select all that apply. Positive sodium balance O Negative sodium balance U Increased blood volume Decreased blood volume Increased MAP O Decreased MAP O Increased GFR Decreased GFR O Increased vasopressin release O Decreased vasopressin release