How many different single-nucleotide substitutions* (changing one nucleotide to another) in the DNA sequence shown below can result in non-sense mutations (a stop codon replaces an amino acid codon) in the second generation in a bacterial strain that is defective in DNA repair? Amino Acids Gln Trp Thr Arg Coding strand: 5'-CAA TGG ACT CGA-3¹ For your information, Stop codons: TAA, TAG, TGA *Ignore Insertions, and Deletions for this question O None of these options O 16 4 0 1 O 2

For each mutant, state what change has occurred in the DNA, whether it was a substitution by transition or transversion, sense mutation, nonsense or reading frame change. It must present the codon sequence. Normal nucleotide sequence starting from the third codon: CCC-ACG-GUG-ACG-ACA-CGG-UGG Please show the codon and nucleotide sequence of the mutation.

Which of the following statements about a transition mutation in the sequence CGG is true?   sequenceIt could result in a single base substitution to give the new codon CCG. It could result in a single base substitution to give the new sequence AGG. It could result in a single base substitution to give the new sequence TGG. A transition mutation in the sequence CGG would always be silent. It could result in a single base substitution to give the new sequence GGG.

Which of the triplets below is a possible anticodon for a tRNA that transports Leucine (Leu) to a ribosome? Second letter C UGU cys UCU1 UCC UCA UCG UAU Tyr UACS Ser UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp UUU UGCS Phe UUC U UUA UUG FLeu CAU HiS CGU] CUU CUC Leu CCU ССС CCA CCGJ CACS CGC Arg CGA CAA GIn Pro C CUA CUG J CAG S CGG AUU AUC lle AUA AAU Asn AGU ser ACU АСС Thr ACA AAC AAA ys AGA Arg AAG J AGC AUG Met ACG Lys AGG J GUU GUC CUA Val GAU ASP GCU GACJ GCC FAla GGU] GGC CGA Gly CCA C CAA M UCAG Third letter UCAG UCAG First letter

Use this mRNA coding sequence as your starting point. This sequence begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon, so it is only looking at the region of DNA that directly encodes a protein sequence. 5’-AUGCACAAAUUAGAGUACCCCCCAGGAAGGUAG-3’ Make the following mutation in this sequence by changing/adding/removing only one nucleotide. Make the mutation easy to see (a different color, circled, something like that) A frameshift mutation

Choose your choice of 5 amino acidsDon't forget - the start code and the stop code Put them in the order you wantwrite their codon (from the table below - this represents your mRNA) and their initial (which represents amino acid) At this moment, you create from this message, the DNA triples (reminder: A, T, C, G) by making the complement Then, from this message, you create the tRNA anticodons (reminder: A, U, C, G) by making the complement (arrêt=stop and depart= start) please I need all the steps, thank you! :)

11. please fill in the blanks

BONUS: Why do RNA viruses such as the COVID coronavirus, influenza virus and HIV have much higher mutation rates than DNA viruses such as Herpes viruses? O DNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than RNA polymerases which copy viral DNA O RNA polymerases which copy viral RNA have much higher mutation rates than DNA polymerases which copy viral DNA RNA viral 60S ribosomes make many ore mutations than DNA viral 40S ribosomes O RNA viral gyrases make more mistakes than DNA viral helicases

Here is the sequence of a portion of a bacterial gene. The template strand is on the bottom: 5'-ATGCTGCGTGCATGGGATATAGGTAGCACACGTCC-3' 3'-TACGACGCACGTACCC TATATCC ATCGTGTGCAGG-5' Would there be an effect on translation of changing the fourth A in the template strand to a C? If so, what effect? AGA AGG GCA CGA GCC CGC GCG CGG GAC AAC UGC GAA CAA GGG CAC AUCC CUG AAA UUA UUG CUA AUA CUC AGC AGU CCA ÜCA ACA CCC UCC ACC UUC CCG UCG ACG GGA GGC GUA GUC UAC GUG UAA UAG UGA GCU CGU GAU AAU UGU GAG CAG GGU CAU AUU CUU AAG AUG ÚÚÛ CCU ÚČU ACU UGG UAU GUU Ala Arg Asp Asn Cys Glu Gin Gly His lle Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val stop A R D G IL K Y V

Mutation #2: • Change the Mutation to RED TACACC TIG GC GACGACT A U GU G G A A C C G C UG CUGA MET -TRP- ASN - ARG- CYS - (STOP) Original DNA Sequence: MRNA Sequence: Amino Acid Sequence: Mutated TAC GÁC CTT GGC GAC GÁC T DNA mRNA Amino Acid Will this mutation have an effect? What kind of mutation is this? Mutation #3: • Change the Mutation to RED TACACCTT G G C G A C GACT AUGUG G A A C C G C U G C U G A MET -TRP- ASN - ARG- CYS - (STOP) Original DNA Sequence: mRNA Sequence: Amino Acid Sequence: Mutated TAC ACC TTA GCG ACG ACT DNA MRNA Amino Acid Will this mutation have an effect? What kind of mutation is