How does lidocaine cause numbness when injected? destroys pain receptors  repolarizes sensory axons blocks effectors from reaching threshold prevents voltage gated channels from opening

Q: Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.

A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or nAChRs can be defined as the receptor polypeptides that will…

Q: How do ion channels that are highly selective obtain high selectivity for that specific ion?

A: The biological membranes are selectively permeable. All molecules are not transported across the…

Q: Why does tolerance not develop with drugs that target ion

A: Tolerance is a biological process in which repeated and increasing frequency of dose of the drug is…

Q: The difference between the channels along the axon and the channels in the axon terminal is that?…

A: In the realm of neuronal communication, various ion channels play essential roles in transmitting…

Q: Which of the following channels opens in an excitatory cholinergic response?     ligand-gated K+…

A: Action potentials depolarize the membrane and open voltage-gated Na+ channels when they reach the…

Q: Describe how opioids act at the synaptic cleft to block nerve transmission and prevent pain…

A: Opioids are substances that can prodyce mlrphine like effects.  They used for pain relief and…

Q: For each phase of the graph below (Resting, Stimulus, Action Potential, Hyperpolarization), indicate…

A: Direction of ions :At rest, the membranes of excitable cells are far more permeable to K+(allowing K…

Q: How would the afferent pathway be affected by exposing this entire neuron to a drug that blocks…

A: Afferent pathway is a neural pathway which helps in conduction of nerve impulses from the sense…

Q: How do proteins and other chemicals synthesized in the soma get to the axon terminals? By what…

A: Each neuron consists of a cell body called Cyton and it has numerous branches called nerve fibers…

Q: Ethosuximide is a drug used to treat epilepsy, particularly absence seizures. It blocks ion channels…

A: Ethosuximide is the drug that is used to control the seizure. It helps to control the absence of…

Q: Caffeine and nicotine have excitatory effects because they: reduce the threshold for…

A: Caffeine and nicotine are both central nervous system stimulants. Caffeine can be found in coffee,…

Q: How does myelination affect the speed of the action potential? by increasing the concentration…

A: Neurons have the ability to generate and conduct nerve impulses that is the fundamental basis of…

Q: How do we distinguish a strong stimulus from a weak one when the information about both stimuli is…

A: A complex network of nerves and cells which carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to…

Q: If I used an electrode to depolarize an axon to threshold in the middle of the axon (halfway between…

A: An action potential happens when the membrane capability of a particular cell area quickly rises and…

Q: We feel pain due to action potential carried by sensory neurons to the brain . The pain killer may…

A: Pain Pain is subjective and associated with tissue damage. It is an unpleasant sensory experience…

Q: “Although originally designed as a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, gabapentin does not interact…

A: The quote provided discusses the pharmacological action of gabapentin, a drug originally designed as…

Q: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors allow both sodium and potassium to flow across the cell membrane…

A: Ach receptors stand for the acetylcholine receptors. These receptors functions in a similar manner…

Q: Dathway activity in the dentate gyrus, indicating that long-term potentiation does not occur in the…

A: The brain hippocampus is an area that is essential for memory and learning development. Long term…

Q: your parther to nd your lab partner have prepared a frog nerve for gatnering data on action…

A: When an a nerve or neuron is stimulated an action potential is fired as a response to simulation.…

Q: What is the reason  tolerance does not develop with drugs that target ion channels?

A: Tolerance occurs when the immune system actively avoids responding to an external antigen. Tolerance…

Q: D) The concentration of this ion and negatively charged proteins is much greater inside the cell…

A: The Neuron's membrane consists of sodium to be present in large quantity in the extracellular part…

Q: An individual diagnosed with CMT has difficulty holding a cup because: a. The myelin in the motor…

A: CMT It is also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder. This degenerative nerve disease is a…

Q: Explain how transductin works regarding the sensation of touch

A: Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to stimulus-alerting events wherein a physical…

Q: What would happen to an insect if you treated an insect with a chemical that inhibits…

A: Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors:  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), also known as…

Q: What is the role of calcium in neuronal communication at the axon terminal?  What would be prevented…

A: The transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to the next neuron occurs at the axon terminal…

Q: A toxin causes neurons to fire excessively. What is a possible mechanism for this effect? A)…

A: Introduction  Postsynaptic potentials are modifications in membrane potential that cause the cell to…

Q: Below is a figure from a 2015 paper that characterizes the effect of venom from the spider…

A: I-V curves are used to study the relationship between the voltage and current in the study of ion…

Q: on that's unable to produce and release neurotransmitters. C that neuron still have an action…

A: Synapse will occur in two types: Electrical synapse: In this the signal is transmitted directly…

Q: Calcium entry through NNDA receptor can potentiate synaptic transmission through the following…

A: Ionotropic glutamate receptors like the NMDA receptor are heterotetramers that are very permeable to…

Q: How is an action potential propagated along the axon towards the synaptic end bulb?

A: The electrical impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another at the cell junction called…

Q: Describe how an action potential is generated across the axon. Make sure to explain the role of Na+…

A: Action potential is the fast electric potential gradient generated across the plasma membrane of the…

Q: Valium and other benzodiazepines enhance function of which synaptic receptors?

A: Receptors are proteins in nature. They are usually located on the surface of the cell. They bind to…

Q: What kinds of stimuli cause gated ion channels to open or close?

A: The neuromuscular junction is considered to be a ‘chemical synapse’ between a motor neuron and a…

Q: Myelination makes , possible. gradient potentials action potentials saltatory conduction

A: Myelination is described as an increase in the fatty sheath surrounding neuronal processes and…