Q: List the effects of sympathoadrenal stimulation on different effector organs. In each case, indicate…
A: The sympathoadrenal system is the connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal…
Q: Describe the 6 step sequence of events that occurs at the NMJ in response to a nerve Action…
A: Steps:- The sarcolemma initiates the action potential. 2)The axon terminal receives the action…
Q: Explain the process of Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre.
A: The action potential is the nerve signals that are produced by the neurons. These signals are…
Q: What is the importance of Receptor Field Overlap?
A: RECEPTIVE FIELDS: Receptive fields depicts that the region of space, when a stimulant…
Q: Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.
A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or nAChRs can be defined as the receptor polypeptides that will…
Q: Discuss how myelination influences the speed of an actionpotential
A: Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system that carry electrical stimuli throughout the body.…
Q: Describe the functions of nociceptors and identify the roles of substance P and endorphins.
A: Basically the detection of a noxious stimuli through the activation of nociceptors. Some Examples…
Q: If all the Ca2+ in the fluid surrounding a neuron were removed, how would this affect the…
A: Action potentials coming at synaptic knobs enhance the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic…
Q: Describe how sleep and wakefulness are related to the reticular activating system (RAS).
A: The reticular activating system(RAS) is considered a network of neurons in the brain stem that…
Q: Describe how sound waves are transduced into action potentials.
A: A bone named stapes is located in the middle of the year which is related to the convection of sound…
Q: Why is Myelin made up of Lipids and protein macromolecules?
A: Myelin is a sheath-like substance that surrounds nerve fibres, insulating & protecting them.…
Q: The output from the hypothalamus and the other brain areas to the effectors is via?
A: The effectors can be described as the bodily organs, tissues, or muscles activated in response to…
Q: What is the conduction velocity of the action potentil in a myelinated axon of the nerve cell?
A: The conduction velocity is the speed in which electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural…
Q: Differentiate between AMPA Receptors and NMDA Receptors?
A: AMPA : It is α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor and a receptor for…
Q: Explain how a polarized axon responds to stimulation.
A: The “neurons” are the primary cells of the NS (nervous system). It has a nerve fiber, called an…
Q: Describe how the permeability of the axon membrane to Na+ and K+ is regulated and how changes in…
A: Introduction Sodium and Potassium are the two most important ions which plays a crucial role in…
Q: Compare and contrast ionotropic and signaling. Which senses use which type?
A: The ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channel openings. The metabotropic receptors, on the…
Q: Describe how opioids act at the synaptic cleft to block nerve transmission and prevent pain…
A: Opioids are substances that can prodyce mlrphine like effects. They used for pain relief and…
Q: Identify the types of axons that compose the gray and whiterami communicantes, describe their…
A: Ramus communicans is the term that is used to denote the nerve that connects the other two nerves,…
Q: Explain how ligand-gated channels produce synaptic potentials, using the nicotinic ACh receptor as…
A: Ligand-gated channels are also known as the ionotropic receptors which help in the movement of ions…
Q: Compare and contrast somatosensation and pain pathways.
A: In our body, there are a great deal of receptors that initiate the overall activity of the body.…
Q: Define the term Receptor Potential?
A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of our body. It carries out many functions in…
Q: Describe how receptor adaptation works.
A: Adaptation is the condition in which species feels fitted according to the environmental condition…
Q: Explain the process Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre.
A: Nerve fibre or axon is a part of a neuron. A neuron is the basic structural and functional component…
Q: List the two substances in the body which naturally stimulate opioid receptors.
A: the human body have receptors called opioid receptors . these are g protein coupled receptors that…
Q: Explain how monoamines are inactivated at the synapse and how this process can be clinically…
A: The neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are known as monoamines.
Q: Describe the movement of specific ions during thegeneration of a nerve impulse.
A: Nerve impulse: It is a signal which travels along the length of a nerve fiber and ends in the…
Q: Explain the process of Conduction of a nerve impulse along a nerve fibre.
A: A nerve fiber is a long and a slender projection of the neuron. It conducts the electrical signal,…
Q: Describe saltatory nerve conduction
A: The neurons are the basic fundamental units of the nervous system and also known as nerve cells.…
Q: How is the information about which receptors have been activated transmitted to the brain?
A: The sensory receptors are present on the sensory organ, such a skin (touch receptors), taste buds…
Q: Explain the cocept of Myelin Sheath ?
A: All organisms are made of billion s of cells. All cells are like the bricks that organise to make up…
Q: Illustrate a major way that receptor activation ceases?
A: Receptors: The chemical messengers that bind to proteins are called receptors. Most of the chemical…
Q: Describe the 6 step sequence of events that occurs at the NMJ in response to a nerve Action…
A: Steps:- The sarcolemma initiates the action potential. 2)The axon terminal receives the action…
Q: Explain Differentiate receptors from effectors.
A: Nerves and cells make up the nervous system, which is responsible for sending impulses between…
Q: Explain the anatomy and function of the reticular activating system (RAS).
A: The brain is the most complex organ of the body that forms the part of the central nervous…
Q: Define Refractory period and differentiate between Absolute refractory and relative refractory…
A: The action potential is a difference in concentration of Sodium (Na+) ions and Potassium (K+) ions…
Q: Explain what is represented in the image (neuron) in five sentences or less
A: Neuron It is the cell which can carry stimulus in the form of electrical impulses to the brain and…
Q: Name the ions responsible for conduction of nerve impulse.
A: BASIC INFORMATION NERVE IMPULSE It is the electrical signals which helps in transfer of…
Q: Discuss the functional differences between ionotropic andmetabotropic receptors.
A: Membrane receptors are divided into two categories: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. A…
Explain how transductin works regarding the sensation of touch
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- Describe the functions of nociceptors and identify the roles of substance P and endorphins.List the effects of sympathoadrenal stimulation on different effector organs. In each case, indicate whether the effect is due to alpha- or beta-receptor stimulation.Explain how the binding of heroin to presynaptic neurones raises the probability of action potentials in the postsynaptic neurone. asap typed only
- Discuss the functional differences between ionotropic andmetabotropic receptors.Explain the process Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre.Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.
- Describe the 6 step sequence of events that occurs at the NMJ in response to a nerve Action Potential.Illustrate how and when histamine occur as a neurotransmitter.A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.