Describe how opioids act at the synaptic cleft to block nerve transmission and prevent pain sensation?

Draw a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron at to demonstrate the release and acceptance of a neurotransmitter. Identify the following in your drawing: Ca2+, synaptic cleft, receptor, synaptic vessicle, SNARE, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron

detail the steps for release, reception and recycling of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft

Explain the importance of neurotransmitter removal from the synaptic cleft and describe three removal mechanisms.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…

Early in an action potential, the inside of the axon becomes less negatively charged relative to the outside, this is called.   Polarization  Depolarization  Hyperpolarization  Repolarization ---------------------------------- Neurotransmitters -gated (ligand gated) ions channels are important for ____, while voltage gated ion channels are important for ____    Communication between neurons; communication within neurons    communication within neurons; Communication between neurons ------------------------------- In gross neuroanatomy we are interested in structures that are NOT visible to the naked eye.  True or false.

Which of the following statements concerning synapses is FALSE? O A) Modulation of synaptic strength can be presynaptic of postsynaptic B) High frequency stimulation in the presynaptic neuron often leads to DECREASED neurotransmitter release O C) Modulation of synaptic strength can either be short term, lasting seconds, or long term, lasting as long as a lifetime. D) Agonists are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters and antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters O E) Certain drugs prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapse

How is the synaptic cleft cleaned up to end Signal Transmission?

Explain phenomenon of constitutive activity, and how inverse agonists produce their effect.

Define synaptic cleft.