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- A virus has been identified that encodes a protein which inhibits the transporter-associated with antigen processing (TAP). If the virus infects macrophages, the infected cells are most likely to exhibit a reduction in which of the following? Cell surface class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins O a. b. Cell surface class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins Ос. Cell surface co-stimulatory proteins O d. Lysosome function е. Proteasome functionThe SecB protein helps export proteins by: Explain the answer and choice the right one a.binding signal peptides for appropriate targeting b.acting as a chaperone to prevent protein folding c.cleaving signal peptides for appropriate protein folding d.acting as a chaperone to promote protein foldingExperiments are performed to analyze protein tyrosine phosphorylation in response to TCR stimulation. For these experiments, T cells are stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody, and then lysates are prepared and run on a protein (SDS-PAGE) gel to separate the proteins by molecular weight. The proteins are transferred from the gel to a membrane for immunoblotting using an antibody that binds to all phosphorylated tyrosine residues in any protein; this antibody is called ‘anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody,’ and is abbreviated as anti-P-Y. The results are shown in the figure below. You confirm that the mutant T cells express normal levels of all the proteins detected in the WT cells, including PLC-g, SLP-76, ITK, ZAP-70, LCK, LAT, and the CD3 and TCRz proteins. Based on these data, which of the following proteins (biotin, hygromycin, and streptavidin) can rule out its presence? Briefly explain your answer. What protein is most likely defective in the mutant cells and why? For the protein you…
- Poliovirus contains a protein that possesses an NLS. A drug is developed that binds and hides this sequence on the viral protein. What happens to this viral protein, in the presence of the drug? Select all that are true. a. The viral protein is now found in the cytoplasm O b. The viral protein is found in the endomembrane system Oc. The viral protein is secreted O d. The viral protein is found in the ER O e. The viral protein can now enter the nucleusThe structure of a prodrug used for treating people with HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS is shown below. This molecule is a precursor of a protease inhibitor that competitively inhibits HIV protease due to its resemblance to the proteolytic site of the enzyme. Which process in the viral life cycle does this inhibitor target directly ? Group of answer choices a. viral protein processing for making new viruses b. viral mRNA synthesis c. viral DNA integration into the host cell DNA d. viral DNA synthesisHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects T-helper cells that have the CD4 receptor on their surface: gp120 CD4 receptor -CXCR4 coreceptor RNA- Revorse transcriptase enzyme Core with - protein coat Capsomeres of protein coat Envelope T cll DNA (a) Structure of HIV (b) HIV infecting a T cell with CD4 receptors, and CXCR4 coreceptors which are distributed over the surface of the cell Copyright e 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesloy Longman, Inc. A. As shown in the above diagram, HIV attaches to a susceptible cell by a binding interaction between the gp120 protein on the virus protein and the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the surface of the T-helper cell. What will be the next event in the virus life cycle? B. One mechanism for transmission of HIV is direct contact during sexual activity. What is the other common mechanism of transmission?
- 1. Glycoproteins coat the outside of viruses; in particular they are important in helping HIV dock to our cells and also help the virus evade our immune system. Below is an image of the HIV transmembrane gp120 protein docking to human cd4 cells via the CXCR4 receptor. HIV-gp120 HIV CXCR4 Coreceptor CCR5 Coreceptor CD4 Receptor CD4 Cell a) i) Describe the general chemical interactions that might be involved in protein- protein interactions between the HIV gp120 protein and the human cd4 CXCR4 protein. Hypothesize what type of amino acid R groups you might find on the ii) exterior regions of each of these proteins, iii) and on the membrane bound portion of these proteins. b) The tertiary structure of gp120 is shown below. Please describe the protein (make sure to cover primary, secondary, and tertiary levels).Define the following terms:a. SRPb. transloconc. docking proteind. SRP receptor proteine. signal peptidaseWhich of the following is NOT true of ITAMs? a. They are attached to the tails of the Ig b. Their phosphorylation eventually leads to a change in gene expression c. They send a signal to the interior of the cell d. ITAM is short for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs
- If mRNA can be blocked, what would the consequences be? what applications could this be useful when treating diseases?A man was brought to the hospital showing "pneumonia"-like symptoms. They took the viral load and determined this to be the new RNA retrovirus infecting lung cells. Since antibodies were unavailable, doctors decided to treat him with drugs. Which of the following would most benefit the patient? A. Drug A is an inhibitor of the binding of 4OS with 60S ribosome of the lung cells. B. Drug B is a structural analogue of the viral peptide that binds to the receptor of the host cell enabling viral entry into the cell. C. Drug C is a polar molecule that inhibits the lytic enzymes activated upon viral infection. D. Drug D is an inducer of a proteolytic enzyme. E. Drug E is a steroid that binds at the regulatory site of a gene causing the synthesis of a repressor that binds at the gene site for the receptor.How is it verified that the Lc chain formed is functional? a. translation is carried out b. the complete receptor (BCR) is formed c. join the Hc chain d. binds to an antigen
