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- Below are the reduction reactions for oxygen and FAD. ½202 + 2e + 2H+ → H20 E°' = 0.83 V FAD + 2e + 2H* → FADH2 E" = -0.22 V What is the potential (E") for the oxidation of FADH by oxygen? What is the AG®' for the oxidation of FADH, by oxygen? If we assume that the pumping of protons in conjunction with the oxidation of FADH, requires 120 kJ, what percentage of the energy from FADH oxidation is stored in the proton gradient (think about how many protons are pumped when FADH, transfers electrons to oxygen)?The ATP hydrolysis reaction (shown below) has a AG of -31 kJ mol-1. NH2 NH2 Do you predict that AS is positive or negative for this reaction. Explain in one sentence. а. .N H20 -OCH2 OCH2 Energy Phosphate ion ÓH ÓH Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) b. How does the hydrophobic effect contribute to the AS you predicted in part a. Make sure to discuss the ordering of water molecules in your answer. Include a minimum of 3 sentances in your explaination.Remember the model complex by Collman et al. for the cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) active site attached to a gold electrode (see Figure). Like Cco, this complex is capable of carrying out the 4-electron reduction of dioxygen to water under constant electron flux (with the possible formation of hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate). Me HỒ HN NH NH EN- N
- (a) Consider the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate by NAD*: malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ In yeast mitochondria, where the pH = 8.1, this reaction is exergonic only at low oxaloacetate concentrations. Assuming a pH = 8.1, a temperature of 37 °C, and the steady-state concentrations given below, calculate the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate at which the reaction will still be exergonic. malate + NAD*→ oxaloacetate + NADH + H* lactate + NAD →→ pyruvate + NADH + H+ half reaction Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e → lactate Pyruvate + CO₂ + H + 2e → malate Intracellular steady state concentrations: malate = 410 μM; NAD = 20.0 mM; pyruvate = 3.22 mM; NADH = 290 μM; AG=+29.7 kJ/mol AG¹ = +25.1 kJ/mol E° (V) - 0.190 - 0.330 lactate 1.1 mM CO₂ = 15.5 torrCompare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?a) Calculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 pM Hsp90 using the following information: The rate is measured in a spectrophotometer as 0.028 OD units/min in a 1 ml reaction volume. The absorbance was detected at 340nm and the extinction coefficient for NADH at this wavelength is 6200L M- 1 min-1 and the molecular mass of Hsp90 is 82.7 kDa. The rate of NADH utilisation is equivalent to the rate of ATP utilised by Hsp90. Show all your calculations and the units for your answers. b) Calculate the turnover number for the reaction described in (a) above
- Consider 3 molecules of galactose: (write only the whole number; no decimal places) How many turns of Krebs Cycle will these molecules undergo for complete oxidation? b. How many moles of ATP are produced upon complete oxidation via malate-aspartate shuttle? c. If all the galactose molecules oxidize via pentose phosphate pathway (oxidative stage only), how many moles of NADPH will be produced?The cytochromes are heme-containing proteins that function as electron carriers in the mitochondria. Calculate the difference in the reduction potential (AE°') and the change in the standard free energy (AG°) when the electron flow is from the carrier with the lower reduction potential to the higher. cytochrome c₁ (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c₁ (Fe2+) E°' = 0.22 V cytochrome c (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c (Fe²+) E°' = 0.254 V Calculate AE°' and AG°'. AE°' = AG°' = V kJ/molShown below are reduction potentials for four half-reactions. Which of the coupled reactions is favorable? (Note that for Cytochrome c you must multiply the reduction potential by 2 for each coupled reaction because only one electron is involved) a) 2 Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + H2O ó 2 Cytochrome c (Fe2+) + O2 b) NADH + Succinate- ó NAD+ + Fumarate- c) Fumarate- + H2O ó Succinate- + O2 d) All of the above
- Both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis produce ethanol from glucose under anaerobic conditions without external electron acceptors. The yield of cell biomass from glucose is 150 mg/g for yeast and 75 mg/g for Z. mobilis. In both cases, the nitrogen source is ammonia (NH3) and both cellular compositions are represented by the formula CH1,8O0,5N0,2. (a) What is the yield of ethanol from glucose in both cases? (b) Based on the results of part (a), which microorganism seems most efficient for the production of industrial ethanol?The standard reduction potential for ubiquione (A or coenzyme Q) is .045 V, and the standard reduciton potential (E) for FAD is -0.219 V. Using these values, show that the oxidation for FADH2 by ubiquinone theoretically liberates enough energy to drive the synthesis of ATP. Faraday constant =96.48KJ/Vol delta G' standard for ATP Synthesis is +30.5 KJ/mol R=8.314 J/mol K=1.987 cal/mol Ka) Calculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 μM Hsp90 using the following information: The rate is measured in a spectrophotometer as 0.028 OD units/min in a 1 ml reaction volume. The absorbance was detected at 340nm and the extinction coefficient for NADH at this wavelength is 6200 L M-1 min-1 and the molecular mass of Hsp90 is 82.7 kDa. The rate of NADH utilisation is equivalent to the rate of ATP utilised by Hsp90. Show all your calculations and the units for your answers. b) Calculate the turnover number for the reaction described in (a) above