hair, underdeveloped nails, and abnormally shaped eyelids. In the following pedigree, which individuals must be carriers?

Shown below is a pedigree for a completely penetrant trait called Adams syndrome in which babies are born blind. This trait occurs when an allele of the adams gene is associated with ≥200 tandem trinucleotide repeats (the normal number is 10). First cousins, III-1 and III-2 married and their first child (IV-1) was blind. For their next child, they decided to do in vitro fertilization with III-1's sperm and III-2's eggs to generate six embryos (labeled E1-6). When each embryo contained eight cells, a single cell was removed and genomic DNA was isolated. PCR reactions using primers that flank the trinucleotide repeat region were then performed and the resulting fragments were fractionated on an agarose gel. PCR reactions using genomic DNA from III-1, III-2 and IV-1 were included as controls. The DNA was visualized using a fluorescent dye and the gel is shown below. Based on this information, select the best answer from the list to the questions below. || E1 = embryo 1 IV E1 E2 E3 E4 E5…

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inheritable disorder that results in muscle weakness, leading to walking and breathing difficulties and heart disease. Which of the following is a valid conclusion about the Duchenne muscular dystrophy pedigree shown above? Select one: a. Only individuals I-2 and II-4 are confirmed carriers of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy allele. b. Individual II-3 can only pass on the Duchenne muscular dystrophy allele to individuals III-2 and III-4. c. Without further evidence, the genotypes of individuals II-2 and III-2 cannot be determined. d. Only individuals I-1 and II-3 are confirmed carriers of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy allele.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes an abnormal production of mucus which in turn can cause damage and infection to the lungs and other organs. In the following pedigree, black indicates all those persons afflicted with cystic fibrosis (square symbols are males, circles are females). There's a healthy couple and they have two children. One is a 23-year-old daughter with cystic fibrosis who is married to a 24-year-old male who is healthy. The other child is a 15-year-old son who is healthy After studying the pedigree, write a logical hypothesis suggesting the cause of cystic fibrosis in terms of dominant or recessive alleles.  On the basis of your hypothesis, write an appropriate genotype for both of the  parents.  Using a Punnett square, what is the probability of the parents having a child with cystic fibrosis?  If the daughter's husband is a carrier of cystic fibrosis, what is the probability that they have a child with cystic fibrosis? Show your Punnett square.