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Financial Ratios
A Ratio refers to a figure calculated as a reference to the relationship of two or more numbers and can be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage, or the number of times. When the number is determined by taking two accounting numbers derived from the financial statements, it is termed as the accounting ratio.
Return on Equity
The Return on Equity (RoE) is a measure of the profitability of a business concerning the funds by its stockholders/shareholders. ROE is a metric used generally to determine how well the company utilizes its funds provided by the equity shareholders.
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- Which of the following is true regarding a company assuming more debt? Select one: a. Assuming more debt is always bad for the company b. Assuming more debt reduces leverage c. Assuming more debt can be good for the company as long as they earn a return in excess of the rate charged on the borrowed funds d. Assuming more debt is always good for the companyWhich statement is most correct? * A. Since debt financing raises the firm’s financial risk, increasing debt ratio will increase WACC. B. Since debt financing is cheaper than equity financing, increasing debt ratio will reduce WACC. C. Increasing a firm’s debt ratio will typically reduce the marginal costs of both debt and equity financing; however, it still may raise the firm’s WACC. D. Statements a and c are correct. E. None of the aboveInvestors and financial analysts wanting to evaluate the operation efficiency of a firm's managers would probably look primarily at the firm's A. Leverage/debt ratios. market value ratios. 11. B. asset management ratios. D. liquidity ratios. C. 12. in a non-interest bearing account, this will tend to lower the firm's A. profit margin. B. return on equity. C. debt ratio. Other things held constant, if a firm holds cash balances in excess of their optimal level D. current ratio.
- Which of the following is incorrect about the Pecking Order Theory? A.Firms with high ratios of fixed assets to total assets tend to have higher debt ratios.This evidence exclusively supports the pecking order theory B.When external finance is required,firms issue debt first and equity as a last resort C.Most profitable firms borrow less not because they have lower target debt ratios but beause they don't need external finance D.Firms prefer internal finance since funds can be raised without sending adverse signalsWhich of the following statement is correct? O A. Firms that do not take on debt as part of their capital structure are known as leveraged firms. O B. Pecking order theory implies that profitable company will have more debt capacity. OC. According to pecking order theory, firms prefer external financing first. O D. The greater amount of debt carried by a firm, the lesser chance of bankruptcy.A profitability measure of ROE is affected by the level of a firm’s debt. Thus,an investor must consider the debt-equity ratio to evaluate the firm’sprofitability. The debt-equity ratio determines a firm’s financial leverage whichindicates how much of assets the firm is able to deploy for each monetary unitof stockholders’ equity.1) Explain how the financial leverage effect can be defined as the differencebetween ROE and ROA. 2) Explain how the financial leverage effect is affected by the debt ratio and theinterest rate.
- A company has to decide the proportion in which it should have its own finance and outsider's finance particularly debt finance. Based on the proportion of finance, WACC and Value of a firm are affected. Financial leverage is the extent to which a business firm employs borrowed money or debts. Explain with the help of suitable example how the introduction of debt capital, provides financial leverage, which ultimately impacts the EPS (Earning per Share). В. Two companies X and Y belong to the equivalent risk group. The two companies are identical in every respect except that company Y is levered, while X is unlevered. The outstanding amount of debt of the levered company is Rs. 6,00,000 in 10% debentures. The other information for the two companies is as follows: Particulars Y Net operating income -Interest 1,50,000 1,50,000 60,000 90,000 Earnings to Equity Share Holders 1,50,000 Equity capitalization rate Market value of equity Market value of debt 0.15 0.20 10,00,000 4,50,000 6,00,000…Which of the following statements is correct?(a) The quickest way to determine whether the firmhas too much debt is to calculate the Timesinterest-earned ratio.(b) The best rule of thumb for determining the firm’sliquidity is to calculate the current ratio.(c) From an investor’s point of view, the price-toearnings ratio is a good indicator of whether ornot a firm is generating an acceptable return tothe investor.(d) The operating margin is determined by subtracting all operating and non-operating expensesfrom the gross margin.Which of the following statements is false?(a) The quickest way to determine whether a firm has too much debt is to calculate the debt-to-equity ratio.(b) The best guideline to determine the firm's liquidity is to calculate the current ratio.(c) From the investor's point of view, the rate of return on common equity is a good indicator of whether the firm is generating an acceptable return to the investor.( d) We can determine the operating margin by expressing net income as a percentage of total sales.
- For each statement indicate whether it is true or false and briefly explain why. a) In a perfect capital market with no corporate taxes, as a firm takes on more and more debt its weighted average cost of capital remains unchanged while its required return on equity rises. b) If a firm issues riskfree debt the risk of the firm’s equity will not change. So, risk-free debt allows the firm to get the benefit of a low cost of debt without raising its cost of equity. c) In the context of firms’ capital structure decisions, the theory predicts that the value of a firm’s equity will rise in direct proportion to the level of debt in its capital structure.Which one of the following factors would likely cause a firm to increase its use of debt financing as measured by the debt to total capital ratio? A.Increased economic uncertainty. B.An increase in the degree of operating leverage. C.An increase in the corporate income tax rate. D.An increase in the price-earnings ratio.Financial slack is the amount of unused access to debt markets or bank financing. Which theory of capital structure would place the highest value on maintaining financial slack for a firm that is not in financial distress? Question 10 options: a) Trade-off theory b) Debt financing as a managerial constraint c) Pecking order theory d) Modigliani & Miller irrelevance theory