Gluconeogenesis in the liver is activated by O increased circulating levels of glucagon O increased circulating levels of insulin O low energy charge (ATP/ADP) O increased levels of blood glucose
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- _________lowers blood sugar levels; ____________ raises the level of blood sugar. a. Glucagon; insulin b. Insulin; glucagon c. Gastrin; insulin d. Gastrin; glucagonis secreted in response to low blood sugar levels O oxytocin O Blycogen O insulin O glucagonWhat glucose transport protein is insulin independent and expressed on the beta cells of the pancreas? GLUT 1 O GLUT 2 O GLUT 3 O GLUT 4
- People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are generally not ketosis prone. This is thought to be a result of: the lack of increase in glucagons in the se individuals the presence of insulin in the individuals their obesity the fact that, their blood glucose levels do not tend to rise significantly Metabolic actions of insulin include all of the following except: increased glycogenesis decreased gluconeogenesis increased basal metabolic rate increased skeletal muscle amino acid up-take all of the above are metabolic actions of insulinLantus differs from "normal" insulin in that: Select one: Oa. The usual insulin molecule has been combined with zinc isophane Ob. A glycine has been substituted in at A21, and two new arginines have been added as B31 and B32 *. An aspartic acid has been substituted for proline at B28 Od. A "C-peptide" chain has been added Oe The proline at B28 and the lysine at B29 have been reversedWhich of these enzymes/complexes will insulin activate in the liver? Choose all that apply. Glycogen synthase Glycogen phosphorylase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Carnitine shuttle PFK-1 FBPase-1
- Outline the functions of the following hormones in relation to digestion and/or the maintenance of metabolic balance: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucagon and leptinLow insulin levels and low plasma amino acid levels Protein Catabolism Olher amino acids alpha-KG Glutamate Giutamne Gutamine Glutamate SO H Cystie)ine EGSH Cystfe)ineCyst(eline- Urea Skeletal Muscle Liver To the best of your abilities, explain the image above. Do not include other "unnecessary" things that you cannot see in the picture.Which of the following is FALSE about Insulin? O Zinc plays a role in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin and binds insulin in the hexameric form. O Type 2 diabetes patients are resistant to the effects of Insulin. O Animal-sourced insulin (taken from the pancreases of pigs) is currently the largest and safest source of insulin production. O Lispro insulin is fast acting because it is mutated to prevent dimerization.
- Which of the following enzymes are activated after insulin binds to its receptor? (select all that apply) Protein Phosphatase-1 Glycogen Synthase Lipase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase kinaseAbnormal triglyceride accumulation in the liver (hepatic steatosis) leads to insulin resistance, which is trademark trigger of type 2 diabetes. Insulin-resistant hepatocytes perform gluconeogenesis even in the presence of high blood glucose levels, which exacerbates the hyperglycemia. These insulin-resistant cells also perform excessive b-oxidation, which can lead to ketoacidosis. Insulin normally suppresses lipolysis, and thus insulin-resistant adipocytes release too many fatty acids into circulation, many of which are taken up by hepatocytes and esterified into triglyceride. Thus, insulin resistance further exacerbates hepatic steatosis, which will in turn worsen insulin resistance in the liver. Given this vicious cycle, abatement of hepatic steatosis is one of the mainstays of diabetes treatment. Metformin is one such treatment and works by activating fatty acid degradation and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. Which of the following could be the mechanism of action of metformin? (A)…Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficiency of thepancreas to produce enough insulin to regulate the blood sugarlevel. In type I diabetes, the pancreas produces no insulin, andthe patient is totally dependent on insulin from an externalsource to be infused at a rate to maintain blood sugar levelsat normal levels. Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucoselevel rises much higher than the norm (>8 mmol/L) for pro-longed periods of time; hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level falls below values of 3 mmol/L. Both situations canbe deleterious to the individual’s health. The normal range ofblood sugar is between 3.8 and 5.6 mmol/L, the target rangefor a controller regulating blood sugar.A patient with type I diabetes needs your help to maintainher blood sugar within an acceptable range (3 mmol/L<glucose<8 mmol/L). She has just eaten a large meal (a disturbance) that you estimate will release glucose accord-ing toD(t)=0.5e−0.05t,wheretis in minutes andD(t)is inmmol/L –…
