Outline the functions of the following hormones in relation to digestion and/or the maintenance of metabolic balance: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucagon and leptin
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Outline the functions of the following hormones in relation to digestion and/or the maintenance of
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- Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is probably related in part to: a) Decreased advanced glycation end products b) Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells resulting in no insulin secretion c) Decreased beta cell mass d) Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion15.18) Determine whether the following statements describe insulin, glucagon, or both insulin and glucagon. a) secreted by pancreas both insulin and glucagon b) released when blood glucose concentration is high insulin c) released when blood glucose concentration is low glucagon d) immediately increases the amount of glucose entering cells insulin e) is a hormone both insulin and glucagon f) lowers blood glucose concentration insulin g) not enough is produced by individuals with type-1 diabetes insulin h) stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) glucagon EXPLANATION: When insulin binds to liver and muscle cell receptors, it triggers a series of events that result in the activation of an enzyme in the glycogenesis pathway and the inhibition of an enzyme in the glycogenolysis pathway. Glucagon has the opposite effect of insulin on liver cells; it accelerates glycogenolysis and suppresses glycogenesis causes a decrease in blood glucose levels • accelerated by insulin suppressed by…List the effects of glucagon on the liver and their consequences.
- Explain the structural and functional changes in Crohn's disease process that lead to weight lossThe following is a typical underlying factor in obesity-induced inflammation a) Increased secretion of the adipokine adiponectin b) Higher lipolysis rate in hypertrophied adipocytes c) Increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue d) Conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophagesDiscuss the chemical cascade caused by ingestion of gluten by someone with coeliac disease.
- Administration of insulin decreases the blood concentration of ketone bodies in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis by which of the following mechanisms?A) Decreasing formation of ketone bodies in skeletal muscleB) Decreasing lipolysis in adipose tissueC) Increasing hepatic activity of carnitine acyltransferaseD) Increasing hepatic levels of acetyl CoAE) Increasing hepatic oxidation of ketone bodiesIf removal of the pancreas results in a variety of metabolic disturbances that ultimately lead to death, describe the most significant biochemical and physiological changes that would occur due to loss of endocrine function of the pancreas.A client with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital in a semi-conscious state with fever, nausea, and vomiting. The urine sample was positive for ketone bodies. Which of the following statements regarding the client is correct? Question 80 options: a) Glucagon should be administered to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) An injection of insulin will decrease ketone-body production c) The client should be started on a glucose infusion to help them regain consciousness d) The client's blood glucose level is well below 4.4 mmol/L
- List the three principal hormones that regulate glucose metabolism. Briefly explain the effects these molecules have oncarbohydrate metabolism.(a) Choose one water-soluble and one fat-soluble vitamin. Draw their structures. Give a reference daily intake for each, in milligrams or micrograms. Give at least one metabolic role for each. List the condition caused by a deficiency of each, or describe the effects of a deficiency of each. Give a good dietary source of each. (b) Choose oneMary, who has type 2 diabetes, has asked you about the importance of glycaemic index (GI) in her glucose control. Based on your knowledge, you inform her: a) That choosing low GI carbohydrate sources over high GI sources will not have any beneficial impact on her glucose control b) That choosing low GI carbohydrate sources over high GI sources might help to "fine-tune" glucose levels when considered along with total carbohydrate intake c) To choose carbohydrate sources containing higher levels of amylopectin starch, as it gets digested slower than amylose starch d) That she should choose glucose sources (e.g. white rice) over fructose sources (e.g. fruits), as glucose will produce a lower glycaemic response than will fructose