For a signal to be sent down an axon of a nerve cell, an action potential must be generated. This is done by.. Select one: a. G-protein coupled receptors bind ligand, a phosphorylation cascade occurs, this causes a change in charge of the membrane due to the addition of phosphates allowing Na+ channels to open. b. Ligand-gated K+ channels open, allowing K+ to rush out of the cell and depolarize that part of the membrane. This change in charge opens neighboring voltage-gated channels. c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush in. This then depolarizes that region of the membrane resulting in opening neighboring voltage-gated channels. d. Receptor tyrosine kinases have two Na+ molecules bind, this opens voltage-gated channels allowing the “signal” to pass down the axon.

Q: The Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below:   C. What type of channel is the…

A: Introduction The acetylcholine receptor is an integral membrane protein receptor that is activated…

Q: Put the following in the correct order. A. Neurotransmitter release B. Ca2+ entry into the…

A: Nerve cells called neurons are responsible for sending instructions throughout your body to perform…

Q: The resting membrane potential of a cell is the consequence of which of the following concentrations…

A: Introduction - The voltage across a cell membrane during its resting state is called the resting…

Q: Patch clamping is a technique to record the electrical potential or to measure currents generated by…

A: Tetrodotoxin is an extremely robust poison (toxin) discovered in particular within the liver and sex…

Q: A perturbation that alters the membrane potential at a site on a neuronal axon will pass to…

A: Ion transport through ion gated channels is an example of passive transport because energy is not…

Q: What happens to the sodium inside the cell once the action potential has passed down the axon.…

A: Normally the cell membrane remains negative inside in comparison to outside. This negative potential…

Q: Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of adenylate cyclase that can no…

A: A homozygous mutation is the presence of the indistinguishable mutation on the two alleles of a…

Q: The exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles depends on:

A: Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It is formed between the dendrites of one neuron and…

Q: Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Because too much glutamate can…

A: Introduction : Glutamate is a substance used by nerve cells to communicate with other cells. It is…

Q: Which of the following are methods of cellular signaling?   Select one: a. All the answers are…

A: Cellular signaling is a process of communication or passing form one cell to another by signaling…

Q: You perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which…

A: GPCR stands for G Protein-Coupled Receptor. It is a type of transmembrane receptor that spans the…

Q: Action potentials are normally initiated at the axon hillock because a. there is a particularly high…

A: When the membrane potential of a given cell location rapidly rises and falls, an action potential…

Q: GABA is a neurotransmitter that binds to ligand-gated chloride (Cl-) ion channels, causing Cl- to…

A: GABA is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the central nervous system. It is…

Q: Imagine that scientists have just discovered a weird new marine tunicate at extreme depths of the…

A: A pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate and control the rhythm of…

Q: up-regulation and dow-regulation of receptors are a. can only occur in muscle cells b. not found…

A: Up-regulation and down-regulation of receptors are cellular processes that involve changes in the…

Q: In many organisms, the central nervous system relies on specialized cells called neurons to…

A: Membrane transport is a mechanism in which molecules/ substances are transported across the membrane…

Q: What effect could the venom have on a voltage-gated potassium channel to produce this result

A: Scorpion is venomous reptile which is found all around the globe with different species but black…

Q: Voltage-gated Na+ channels are.... (select all that apply).  Group of answer choices: A. Opened by…

A: The channels are basically membrane proteins that act as transport protein through which various…

Q: Which of the following does NOT generally lead to a phosphate cascade?   A. active transport pumps…

A: In our body, several types of cellular process occurs, which involves the cellular signalling…

Q: When activating what kind of receptor do you get the fastest (physiological) response? Select an…

A: There are certain protein molecules present inside the target cell or even on the surfaces of the…

Q: Gap junctions are dynamic structures that, like conventional ion channels, are gated: they can close…

A: An animal cell comprises of various types of intercellular junctions that form both structural as…

Q: Which statement best describes the interaction that occurs as a result of the bindi ligand to a…

A: Option- B

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of communication that happens from one neuron to another…

A: Answer: - Option a - Endocrine signalling (ex. hormones secreted into the bloodstream travel and…

Q: Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a…

A: GPCRs are also called 7TM (7 transmembrane receptors), they are a very diverse group of…

Q: 1. Which of the following could most quickly reverse calmodulin activity ? ADP A plasma membrane…

A: Calmodulin (CaM), also known as calcium-modulated protein, is a multipurpose intermediate…

Q: An unknown ion is flowing out of a neuron, creating an inhibitory response.  This unknown ion…

A: Question -   An unknown ion is flowing out of a neuron, creating an inhibitory response.  This…

Q: Changes in intracellular Ca2+ is one of the main governing factors that determines the direction of…

A: Plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to various experiences…

Q: In signal transduction in the dark, the cGMP plays what role? a. It promotes an action potential…

A: Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is "Guanosine monophosphate" in which the phosphate group is covalently linked to…

Q: mbrane receptor kinases are activated by: a. steroid hormones

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs can be defined as the the high-affinity cell surface receptors…

Q: When a neurotransmitter binds with receptors at the membrane, it may cause sodium channels to open.…

A: The endogenous chemicals which makes neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body are…

Q: After an action potential has been initiated, there are two processes that prevent the membrane from…

A: The generation of action potential is very much important characteristics in nerve cells that is…

Q: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. Design a FRAP…

A: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. In a typical FRAP…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding polarized membranes is incorrect? a. There is a…

A: At rest, the ionic composition of the interior and outside of a neuronal membrane varies. As a…

Q: Depolarization and repolarization changes that occur during the action potential are produced by…

A: Introduction: Just neurons and muscle cells are fit for creating an action potential and that…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: The α-1 adrenergic receptor is a type of receptor that is responsible for mediating the effects of…

Q: What is the mechanism by which voltage-gated channels open in response to voltage changes? Choose…

A: Voltage-gated ion channels are found buried in the plasma membrane of the cells. These gated ion…

Q: In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels,…

A: The sense organ that allows vision by reacting to light in humans is the eye. Photoreceptor cells…

Q: What features are remarkable about steroid receptors? (Select all that apply) A. Steroid receptors…

A: The steroid hormone receptors belong to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. These can…

Q: When an action potential arrives in an axon terminal, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are…

A: Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the nervous system. It is associated with many…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: Because alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are found in both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac tissue,…

Q: Sensory neurons in the homeostatic pathway demonstrate spontaneous activity.  For a neuron, what…

A: A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.…

Q: The membrane potential across a cell membrane can be thought of as a "blend" or weighted average of…

A: The membrane potential can be described as a potential gradient that enables the unidirectional flow…

Q: taw a graph representing the changes in membrane potential across the axonal membrane before,…

A:

Q: Neurotransmitters: a. Can only inhibit the postsynaptic cell b. Can be part of a process that…

A: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the body. They transmit signals from neurona to the…

Q: There is a type of toxin found in the liver of the puffer fish that prevents the opening of…

A: Introduction  The neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is highly toxic. Its name is derived from the group…

Q: Explain how the crystal structures of potassium ion channels suggest the way in which the…

A: Potassium channels ubiquitously exist in almost in all kingdoms of life and perform very diverse but…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.