A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called 'inactive') than among those who were physically active: Inactive Active Total Cases with CHD Controls without CHD 299 270 107 136 406 406 Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41 Suppose there is no misclassification in these data. Total 406 406 812 What would the observed OR have been...
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If 20% of inactive controls had been misclassified as active?
f 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?
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- In a placebo-controlled study, 10 healthy subjects were given oral triazolam 0.5 mg before and after rifampicin 600 mg daily for 5 days. Rifampicin reduced the triazolam AUC by 95% and decreased its maximum plasma levels by 88%, when compared with placebo. The elimination half-life was reduced from 2.8 hours to 1.3 hours. Pharmacodynamic tests (drowsiness, sway, Maddox wing, etc.) showed that rifampicin abolished the effects of triazolam.a) Why is the AUC of triazolam reduced in the presence of rifampicin? b) Given the above scenario, if you were to accommodate this situation by dosage adjustment strategies, in the presence rifampicin what dose of triazolam would you have recommended, keeping dosage interval the same as when there was no rifampicin? answer part bWould the same procedure done in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) be applicable in determining allergies in man?A study was conducted to evaluate whether an intensive therapy program reduces therisk of developing retinopathy in patients with diabetes. 2100 diabetes patients aged 13-39 were enrolled in the two-year study, 1063 patients were randomly assigned to theintensive therapy group (intervention group), and 1037 patients were randomly assignedto standard therapy group (control group). This was a two-year study.In year 1, 32 subjects in the intensive therapy group developed retinopathy, and 43subjects were withdrawn or lost to follow-up. 97 subjects in the standard therapy groupdeveloped retinopathy, and 38 were withdrawn or lost to follow-up.In year 2, 26 subjects in the intensive therapy group developed retinopathy, and 30subjects were withdrawn or lost to follow-up. 89 subjects in the standard therapy groupdeveloped retinopathy, and 33 were withdrawn or lost to follow-up 1. Calculate the incidence rate (per 1,000) for the two-year period for each therapygroup. Assume losses took place…
- Azithromycin can be administered either orally as a slow release of active ingredients (known as extended release) or intravenously (IV) into the bloodstream (known as immediate release). Calculate the appropriate dosage of both extended and immediate release azithromycin for a 17.0 lb patient. Orally administered extended-release azithromycin dosage for a child is 60 mg per kg of body weight. Calculate the dosage in mg of azithromycin for a 17.0 lb child. IV administered immediate-release azithromycin dosage for a child is 10 mg per kg of body weight. Calculate the dosage in mg of azithromycin for a 17.0 lb child.1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-022-00692-1 (link to research) a) In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “Post-administration of mitoxantrone to sedentary and exercised groups smaller patches of demyelination with microcyst formation and lymphocytic infiltrates were seen; and bare unmyelinated axons were fewer (Figs. 3D, E, I, J and 4D, E, I, J).” Based on this quote, what is mitoxantrone doing exactly/directly? b) In the histopathological study section of the materials and methods section the authors wrote “Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining was used for assessment of demyelination in the cerebellum and brain stem and scored as described previously by Zhang et al. [21] and illustrated in Table 2.” Why was demyelination assessed in this study?Using the coding techniques described in this chapter, carefully read through the case study and determine the most accurate CPT code(s) and HCPCS code(s) and modifier(s), if appropriate. Oscar Pettaway brought his unconscious 3-year-old daughter, Belinda, into the emergency department after finding her on the floor of the bathroom. An empty bottle of his wife's thyroid medication, Synthroid, was lying by her side. Oscar told the physician on call, Dr. Rubinstein, that his wife had just refilled the prescription. Dr. Rubinstein immediately evaluated Belinda's condition and, after obtaining permission from Oscar, ordered a gastric aspiration and lavage be done immediately, due to the poisoning. Be sure to list the codes, one code per box, in the correct order, from top to bottom. Capitalization, punctuation, and spacing can impact whether or not your answer is correct. Follow coding best practices. Determine the most accurate procedure codes, using the CPT code set and modifier(s), if…
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- For each of the following drugs, indicate whether the physiological effects of the drug were known before or after the target was identified. a. Penicillin b. Sildenafil (Viagra) c. Rofecoxib (Vioxx) d. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) e. Aspirin f. Indinavir (Crixivan)18. A study is conducted to assess the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of epilepsy. The authors undertook a search of both the published and unpublished literature After independent assessment of two authors, 33 of 107 papers meet inclusion criteria for the study. The authors describe the data from these studies but are unable to calculate a summary statistic because of the significant heterogeneity of the studies. Which of the following best describes this study design? OA) Case-control study OB) Meta-analysis C) Narrative review OD) Randomized controlled trial OE) Systematic reviewThe clinical istructor has assigned a group of students to work with patients on a special nursing unit that treats women with postpartum depression. The instructor assigns the following questions as part of the preclinical preparation.What is depression, and what is the current biogenic theory for the causes of depression?Describe the actions of these classes of antidepressants.· TCA· MAO inhibitors· SSRI's