Answered: Explain the mechanism by which NK cells…

Science

Biochemistry

Explain the mechanism by which NK cells are able to engage a highly specific antigen receptor during their activation.

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 15RE

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Concept explainers

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.

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Why is the concentration of this ligand for the NK-cell receptor CD94:NKG2A. on the target cell an effective measure of the presence or absence of classical MHC class I molecules?
B cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg. When a B cell with an antigen receptor that specifically recognizes that pathogen also has its complement receptor stimulated because the pathogen is opsonized with these C3 fragments, B cell activation is greatly enhanced. Due to this mechanism, B cells can be activated by much lower concentrations of antigen (in this case, the pathogen) than if the antigen is devoid of complement components. This mechanism functions to: Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it Induce increased rounds of B cell replication to make more pathogen-specific B cells Allow the B cell to block pathogen replication by interfering with multiple pathogen surface functions
Compare and contrast the receptors used by the innate vs. adaptive immune systems to recognize "non-self." Consider the cells that express them, the receptor structures/diversity of ligands, outcomes of the associated signaling pathways, etc.
Describe the ligand for the NK-cell receptor CD94:NKG2A.
During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated phagocytes. List some of hese toxic species and explain what cellular/biochemical mechanisms limit these damaging off-target effects.
Describe the differences in how an antigen presenting cells (APC) activate a Helper T versus a Cytotoxic T cell.
Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of interferons are activated by viruses at the earliest stages of infection? How are interferons activated? What types of stimuli activate interferons at the earliest stages of viral infection.? Identify the receptors to which interferon binds and how their activation affects gene expression?
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In what way does the T cell’s membrane receptors differ from the B cell’s membrane receptor? In other words, what will each bind to?
Provide one common feature and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
Name two antigen-presenting cells. What is their role in the adaptive immune system? Which classes of MHC proteins do they express and why is this important?
Identify and compare the targets and the recognitionmechanisms used by T-cytotoxic cells and NK cells.