E. How many nucleotides would be required to generate a polypeptide that is 15 amino acids long? This requires knowing how many nucleotides of DNA code for one amino acid. F. Assuming that there are between 20,000-25,000 genes in the human genome, do you think there are 1) fewer, 2) approximately the same number, or 3) more proteins in the human genome? Explain your answer.

look at the code: import random # Define the DNA nucleotidesnucleotides = ["A", "T", "G", "C"] # Define the codon-to-amino acid dictionarycodon_table = {    "AUG": "M",   # Start codon    "UUU": "F",    "UUC": "F",    "UUA": "L",    "UUG": "L",    "UCU": "S",    "UCC": "S",    "UCA": "S",    "UCG": "S",    "UAU": "Y",    "UAC": "Y",    "UAA": "*",   # Stop codon    "UAG": "*",   # Stop codon    "UGU": "C",    "UGC": "C",    "UGA": "*",   # Stop codon    "UGG": "W",    "CUU": "L",    "CUC": "L",    "CUA": "L",    "CUG": "L",    "CCU": "P",    "CCC": "P",    "CCA": "P",    "CCG": "P",    "CAU": "H",    "CAC": "H",    "CAA": "Q",    "CAG": "Q",    "CGU": "R",    "CGC": "R",    "CGA": "R",    "CGG": "R",    "AUU": "I",    "AUC": "I",    "AUA": "I",    "AUC": "I",    "ACU": "T",    "ACC": "T",    "ACA": "T",    "ACG": "T",    "AAU": "N",    "AAC": "N",    "AAA": "K",    "AAG": "K",    "AGU": "S",    "AGC": "S",    "AGA": "R",    "AGG": "R",    "GUU": "V",    "GUC": "V",    "GUA": "V",…

You are characterizing a DNA-binding protein, and have used genetic experiments to identify a domain required for the interaction of the protein with DNA. Your secondary structure analysis software predicts that the domain forms a β helix, but you are unconvinced. What experiments could you perform to confirm the presence of a β helix in this region?

Based on our modern understanding, what revisions are necessary to the original one-gene / one-enzyme hypothesis? (Check all that apply.) Alternative splicing allows one gene to encode multiple polypeptides. Some genes encode RNAs, not enzymes. Some genes encode lipids, not enzymes. Some genes encode polypeptides that are not enzymes, such as structural proteins. Proteins as functional units may be composed of several polypeptides, so genes may encode just one polypeptide within a larger protein. Enzymes are not encoded by genes after all — they are constructed through separate biochemical processes.

Where do you expect to see multiple “Ns” within a sequencing read? a)Within the first 25 nucleotides from the beginning of the sequence and from the last 25 nucleotides of the sequence.   b)In the middle of the sequence and from the last 25 nucleotides of the sequence. d   c)From the last 25 nucleotides of the sequence.   d)Within the first 25 nucleotides from the beginning of the sequence.   e)In the middle of the sequence.

In the image below, the blue squiggly line represents a folded protein. There are two particular amino acids that are colored red and black in the protein. The structure of each of these two specific amino acids is shown in the indicated box. A mutation occurs in the gene that encodes the protein illustrated above. The result of this mutation is that one of the amino acids above is substituted with another. Specifically, the amino acid whose structure is shaded red above (the one on the left in the illustration) is replaced by the amino acid shown below. Use this information to answer the two questions that follow. Please answer these questions.  1. Based on this description, indicate which type of mutation occurred: missense, nonsense, silent, or indel 2. How would this mutation affect this protein's structure and function? Explain in 2-4 sentences. Be specific, and be sure to include details of these specific amino acids in your response. (I'm giving you the…

An example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results from a point mutation in the β globin gene. In the following section, you will compare sickle cell and normal β globin sequences to reveal the nature of the sickle cell mutation at the protein level. To do this you need to find at least one sequence representing the normal beta globin gene. Open a new window and visit the NCBI home page(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and select “Nucleotide” from the drop menu associated with the top search box. Then enter the search term: HBB . Note that lots of irrelevant results are returned so let's apply some “Filters” (available by clicking in the left-hand sidebar) to focus on RefSeq entries for Homo sapiens. Remember that we are after mRNA so we can compare to the mRNA sequence from part 1 above. QUESTION #1: What is the ACCESSION number of the “Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA” entry?    NOTE: Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) as…

While the three previous paragraphs put on some details about enzymes, a Russian physician and chemist named Phoebus Levene focused on the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base) in 1919. He was also the first to discover the carbohydrate component of RNA (ribose), and carbohydrate component of DNA (deoxyribose). Years later, Levene finally identified how DNA and RNA molecules are put together Then in 1937, Hans Krebs discovered the most famous (probably) process that occur during cell respiration. This series of chemical reactions has three names such as the Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Krebs Cycle. In this process, glucose and oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, water, and energy. While working on bacterial samples, Oswald Avery first suggested in 1944 that the genetic material of the cell was possibly the deoxyribonucleic acid. In the middle of the 20th Century, Erwin Chargaff began to oppose Levene's…

Which of the following describe how the order of nucleotide bases along a gene in the DNA ultimately determines the primary structure of a protein and how the primary structure ultimately determines the three-dimensional shape and function of the protein coded for by that gene.   A Certain amino acids in a protein interact with other amino acids in that same protein and so the order of amino acids ultimately determines the 3-dimensional tertiary structure of that protein.   B The order of nucleotide bases along the DNA is transcribed into complementary tRNA which is translated into the correct amino acid sequence for the protein by mRNA.   C The order of nucleotide bases along a gene determines the order of amino acids in the resulting protein. The order of amino acids in the protein is called its secondary structure.

3)Which of the following statements are true? Choose all that apply a)There are multiple codons possible for nearly all amino acids b)Each stop codon also codes for an amino acid c)Each tRNA will base pair with only one codon d)The start codon also codes for an amino acid e)Each codon in mRNA codes for exactly one amino acid f)Each codon in tRNA codes for exactly one amino acid g)Each anticodon in tRNA pairs with exactly one codon h)Each tRNA carries exactly one type of amino acid