Drugs that block dopamine synapses tend to impair or slow limb movements. However, after people have taken such drugs for a long time, some experience involuntary twitches or tremors in their muscles. Based on material in this chapter, propose a possible explanation.

compare small molecule neurotransmitters to neuropeptides Select one: a. neuropeptides are synthesized as large peptide molecules that are cleaved to form smaller peptides; neurotransmitters are modified amino acids     b. neuropeptides bind to metabotropic receptors; neurotransmitters bind to ionotropic or metabotropic receptors   c. neuropeptides are slower to replenish in the axon terminal  than neurotransmitters   d. all of these are valid comparisons   e. neuropeptides are released by cells that express the peptide gene; neurotransmitters are released by cells that express the synthetic enzymes required to convert amino acid precursors

discuss the excitatory NMDA receptor, the role of the Mg++ ion, and how NMDA activation can produce Long Term Potentiation (which could underlie memory). Finally, what is the seemingly unique involvement of neighboring glia cells in helping to regulate both GABA and Glutamate neurotransmission and why might that glia cell role occur

John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz identified the endorphin receptor in frogs, and concluded that animals have a "built in" opioid system. To make sure that endorphins are truly neurochemicals, which of the following question should we ask these gentlemen? Please select all that apply.a) Are endorphins released in response to presynaptic depolarization? b) Do endorphins interact with postsynaptic receptors? c) Are endorphins found in presynaptic cells? d) Are endorphins subject to reuptake?

A taser is a device used by police to control unruly criminals by delivering a large electrical current into the body. This electrical current is able to temporarily paralyze the criminal. A Biology 30 student hypothesizes that this temporary paralysis is caused by the neurons in the body all simultaneously becoming unable to engage in a refractory period. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Provide your rationale from the point of view of Na+ ion and K+ ion movement OR from the point of view of processes that do or do not occur properly in the criminal's neural synapses.

Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect the reuptake of neurotransmitter by presynaptic cells. SSRIs are used for the treatment of depression.  Serotonin normally causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential. Explain why neurotransmitter reuptake is important.  And describe what effect the SSRI would have on the response of these postsynaptic cells and why.

The table of neurotransmitters below is too simplistic. In reality, one neurotransmitter chemical has multiple actions in the nervous system. How is this possible?

Describe the neurotransmitters shown in Section 11.14 in the selected neurotransmitters table. Give examples of how they might occur in the body.

Catecholamine (Epinephrine)-blockers are often used as a treatment to dilate blood vessels and therefore decrease arterial blood pressure (as a treatment for hypertension). This fact is excellent evidence to prove that the nervous system normally controlling the diameter of the arterial blood vessels is the: a. Somatosensory nervous system b. Sympathetic nervous system c. Reticular attenuating nervous system d. Parasympathetic nervous system

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disorder where the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed. Symptoms are varied and MS is often difficult to diagnose. Often, one of the first signs of MS is poor or delayed motor function (some patients may experience difficulty retaining their urine, while others may experience difficulty moving their tongue or arms). come up with a hypothesis explaining why symptoms vary from person to person.