discuss the excitatory NMDA receptor, the role of the Mg++ ion, and how NMDA activation can produce Long Term Potentiation (which could underlie memory). Finally, what is the seemingly unique involvement of neighboring glia cells in helping to regulate both GABA and Glutamate neurotransmission and why might that glia cell role occur

One medication used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is a cholinesterase inhibitor. The medication helps to improve brain functioning and memory.     1.What is the function of cholinesterase in the synapse?    2. How does a cholinesterase inhibitor work in a synapse?    3. Explain the function of cholinesterase inhibitor in increasing brain functioning and memory.  Please include the URL of the website that you used to answer these questions.

What is a post-synaptic potential and how is it caused? Describe the two types of post-synaptic potentials that can occur. Within this context, what does excitatory and inhibitory mean?

Name and describe the roles of key molecules and membrane structures in maintaining axon membrane resting potential of-70 mV Name and describe the roles of key molecules and membrane structures in propagation of axon membrane action potentials during depolarization at +35 mV  Explain why they myelin sheath of white matter neurons allows faster action potential transmission than that of neurons found in gray matter.

If TTX (tetrodotoxin) selectively binds voltage gated Na+ channels, and you tag TTX with a fluorescent marker and then you use it as a probe to label voltage-gated Na+ channels in various neurons in the CNS, would you expect the pattern of fluorescence to be different between myelinated and nonmyelinated axons? If so, how? If not, why not?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…

Vitamins B1, B6 and B12 are so-called "Neurotropic" vitamins. They may response to "Wallerian degeneration" in nerve system. Briefly describe"Wallerian degeneration" and how the "neurotropic" vitamins react with this process.

John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz identified the endorphin receptor in frogs, and concluded that animals have a "built in" opioid system. To make sure that endorphins are truly neurochemicals, which of the following question should we ask these gentlemen? Please select all that apply.a) Are endorphins released in response to presynaptic depolarization? b) Do endorphins interact with postsynaptic receptors? c) Are endorphins found in presynaptic cells? d) Are endorphins subject to reuptake?

Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect the reuptake of neurotransmitter by presynaptic cells. SSRIs are used for the treatment of depression.  Serotonin normally causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential. Explain why neurotransmitter reuptake is important.  And describe what effect the SSRI would have on the response of these postsynaptic cells and why.

Why was the postsynaptic CA1 neuron voltage clamped to +30 mV?  To stimulate insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane To move NDA receptors into the synapse from an extrasynaptic site To cause coordination between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron To increase conductance of the NMDAR by removing the Mg?* block To stimulate AMPA receptors, which in turn activate NMDA Rs Explain the results obtained when AP5 was applied while the neuron was held at +30 mV. What is the interpretation of the result?