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- 1) using at least one named example discuss the implication of allelic heterogeneity in single gene disorder for the presentation and progession of the disorder and its treatment 2) discuss the importance of understanding epigenetics in improving people health"In most differentiated tissues, daughter cells retain a memory of gene expression patterns that were present in the parent cell through mechanisms that do not involve changes in the sequence of their genomic DNA" is true or false.Discuss the concepts of; "CELL DIFFERENTIATION" Also, cite examples to illustrate these concepts.
- Define the term maternal effect genes, and explain why the protein products of some of these genes are called morphogens.In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.Explain the unique features of Ig genes.
- There is a benign congenital condition called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) in which production of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is not switched off post-partum (after birth). It is due to a mutation in the β-globin gene cluster. People that are homozygotes for this mutation, meaning that the gene from both parents is mutated, continue to make almost exclusively HbF throughout their life rather than adult hemoglobin (HbA). HPFH homozygotes demonstrate a slight erythrocytosis, or an increase in the number or mass of their red blood cells, and consequently an increase in the concentration of HbF. Given only what you know about the oxygen saturation dynamics of HbF versus HbA, can you explain why there might be the slight erythrocytosis in HPFH homozygotes? It has been observed that the prevalence of HPFH is much higher in populations with certain hemoglobinopathic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these…Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncogenes are widely available. These tests reveal a number of mutations in these genes—mutations that have been linked to familial breast cancer. Assume that a young woman in a suspected breast cancer family takes the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic tests and receives negative results. That is, she does not test positive for the mutant alleles of BRCA1 or BRCA2. Can she consider herself free of risk for breast cancer?Predict the phenotypes associated with the following mutant states. For each of the four conditions (a-d) below, indicate which of the six organs (i-vi) would be present at birth in an XX individual, and which would be present in an XY individual. i. testes i1. ovaries iii. male internal sex organs (e.g., the prostate) iv. female internal sex organs (e.g., the uterus) v. male external sex organs (e.g., the penis) vi. female external sex organs (e.g., the clitoris) a. Homozygosity or hemizygosity for nonfunctional alleles of the androgen receptor gene, which is X-linked. b. Hemizygosity for a nonfunctional allele of the SRY gene. c. Homozygosity for a nonfunctional allele of the gene specifying the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor. d. Homozygosity for nonfunctional alleles of the 5a-reductase gene.
- Is the following true or false AND EXPLAIN: Cells with one functional copy of a proto-oncogene will usually proliferate faster than normal cells.You are working in a cell biology lab that investigates non-small cell lung cancer cells, which of these cellular features will be suggestive of senescence in the cells observed? Choose all that apply: Group of answer choices Large flattened morphology Reduced incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (in DNA replication) Increased p53 expression Decreased expression of p15INK4BAnother way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo