Describe the use of simple paths to determine the change in these by more complicated paths (ie burning sugar to CO2 and H2O can be used to determine the change in enthalpy of the conversion of sugar to CO2 and H2O by the more complicated processes of glycolysis, CAC and oxidative phosphorylation).

For the following enzymes (3-6) predict how the conditions will most likely affect the enzymes activity with one of the following and provide a 1 sentence explanation: a. increase activity                     b. decrease activity                             c. not likely to alter activity  3) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex binding to AMP when [AMP] is high. 4) phosphohexose isomerase binding NADH when [NADH] is high 5) phosphofructose-1 binding NAD+ when [NAD+] is high  6) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex binding to ATP when [ATP] is high

a. Calculate how  many carbons from an original glucose molecule will enter into the TCA cycle? (please provide your answer in number like 1, 2, 3)   b. Based on the question you answered above what happens to the carbons that do not enter the cycle (write what it converts into)?

Table 9.2 shows that DGo’ for the aldolase reaction is large, and positive, yet the reaction proceeds in the forward direction. Using the metabolite concentrations in table 9.3, calculate the actual DG in the cell for the reaction to show that it is consistent with the value reported in table 9.2. Explain in words the strategy the cell uses to keep glycolysis moving in the forward direction (1-2 sentences).

Using diagrams show the pathway that is used to convert succinate to phosphoenol-pyruvate, which can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis. Be sure to show the structure of all of the intermediates along the pathway and show the name of each enzyme over the arrow. Also be sure to indicate other co-substrates or cofactors required (ie. ATP, NAD+, FAD, etc…)

Suppose that in some plants, the molecule 2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) acts as a competitive inhibitor of Rubisco. Explain the effect of the CAIP molecule on the enzymatic activity of Rubisco, taking care to specify the effects of this molecule on the reaction itself and the rate of the latter. b. Briefly explain how the use of this molecule (CAIP) disrupts the two stages of photosynthesis while the Rubisco enzyme is associated with only one step.

In glycolysis, the KM value of hexoquinase is 0.04 mM.  At physiological conditions, the cellular concentration of glucose is between 4 mM to 15 mM.  According with this information, which of the following statements is true (Choose all that are correct)     The enzyme has a low affinity for its substrate     The enzme is working at its maximum velocity     The phosphorilation of glucose is very slow     The small value of KM assures that glycolysis will continue even when the concentration of glucose drops below 4 mM.      The hexoquinase is saturated with glucose

Identify where sugar oxidation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and the reduction of NAS+ occurs in glycolysis

In the regulation of glycogen phosphorylase, which of the following statements is true? The inactive T form becomes activated when it gets dephosphorylated. The active R form is inhibited by glucose. Phosphoprotein phosphatase catalyzes the attachment of a phosphate group to a Ser residue in glycogen phosphorylase. The allosteric modulator glucose-6-phosphate promotes the conformation change from inactive T state to active R state.

. In another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is isomerized into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) Because ∆G°′ is positive, the equilibrium lies to the left. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium fraction of GAP from the above, at 37 °C. (b) In the cell, depletion of GAP makes the reaction proceed. What will ∆G be if the concentration of GAP is always kept at 1/100 of the concentration of DHAP?