What is a justification for a hypothesis stating that copper ion is the necessary cofactor in the catechol oxidase reaction? In other words, what evidence based on observation is there to support this claim? Hints: Citric Acid and EDTA bind to copper ions to inhibit cofactor ability. In the catechol oxidase reaction, benzoquinone is produced. What does benzoquinone do in fruits and plants? How does it preserve food? Does citric acid have this same effect?

the reaction catalyzed by glyceradehyde 3-phosphate dehydrigenase is based on NAD+ and a active site cysteine. Also another phosphate group is added. what is the reason for that? a) because one ATP is consumed b) an inorganic phosphate is activated for ATP synthesis  C) NADH can be recycld and than converted back to NAD+ for glycolysis  d) because one ATP is generated

Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as well

Using the data in this table, what is the AG° (in KJ/mol) for the reduction of FAD by water?

Is citriate and ATP a product or substrate of Phosphofructokinase-2 or Phosphofructokinase-1?

In the energy recovery phase of glycolysis, Glyceraldehyde 3-p reacts with NAD+ In this reaction, which will be oxidized, and which will be reduced. In simple terms, what does it mean when a chemical is oxidized, and what does it mean when a chemical is reduced?

The Beutler test is used to diagnose GALT (UDP-glucose uridyltransferase) deficiency in infants.  Blood from the heel is spotted onto filter paper and the spot is then subjected to an enzyme assay.   Galactose 1-phosphate, NADP+ and UDP-glucose are added as substrates to the dried blood.  The increase in absorbance at 340nm is measured over time which corresponds to reduction of NADP+ to NADPH .   The amount of GALT activity in the blood of patients is therefore measured by stoichiometric relationship to the amount of NADPH produced from NADP+.   However, GALT does not directly reduce NADP+ as you can see in the above diagram.  Instead, the glucose 1-phosphate product from this reaction is shuttled into the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway by enzymes also present in RBCs.  Which three (or possibly more if you must) enzymes downstream of GALT allow for quantitative correlation of a product of GALT with the appearance of NADPH?  What is the stoichiometric relationship…

What are the products of the following transamination reaction? a-ketoglutarate + alanine O glutamate; pyruvate none of these O aspartate; oxaloacetate O aspartate; pyruvate O glutamate; oxaloacetate How many ATP and electrons are required for the reduction of one molecule of nitrogen to two molecules of ammonia in the reaction catalyzed by nitrogenase? O 16 ATP and 6 electrons 8 ATP and 8 electrons O 16 ATP and 8 electrons 8 ATP and 16 electrons O 16 ATP and 16 electrons What enzyme is responsible for the incorporation of ammonia from nitrogen fixation into organic molecules? O transaminase glutamine synthetase O glutamate synthetase O glutamate synthase O glutamine synthase What amino acid is the precursor for the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine? O tryptophan O serine aspartate O tyrosine O glutamate O O

Interested in studying ethanol fermentation, you prepare two solutions of yeast extract that contains the cytosolic contents of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. You add glucose to both extracts at time zero, but to one (in red) you also add inorganic phosphate (added in two batches). Using a gas sensor, you monitor the CO2 generated by the two solutions over time and obtain the following data:

a) Using full chemical structures of substrates and products, draw the two possible pyruvate reduction pathways that regenerate NAD+ from NADH in the absence of oxygen gas. Give names of all compounds and enzymes involved. b) Draw the step in glycolysis that requires at least one of the above pathways to be functional in the absence of oxygen. Give names of all compounds and enzymes involved.