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Describe physiological adaptations that enhance depth and duration of diving in animals such as seals.
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- Describe the steps involved in the process of ventilation inmammalian lungs.How is respiration rate in humans modulated? How are diving animals able to remain submerged for extended periods of time without suffering the effects of oxygen deprivation?Outline how chemoreceptors influence ventilation and heart beat in mammals.
- Sharks and bony fishes approach or achieve neutral buoyancy in different ways. Describe the methods evolved in each group. Why must a teleost fish adjust the gas volume in its swim blad-der when it swims upward or downward? How is gas volume adjusted?SOURCE: Gills are the main site of gas exchange in almost all fishes. The gills consist of bony or cartilaginously stiffened arches that anchor pairs of gill filaments. In sharks, the pairs of gill filaments are separated by a fleshy septum. The numerous, minute lamellae that protrude from both sides of each filament are the primary sites of gas exchange; however, not all the blood flow in the gills is directed to the lamellae. "Nonrespiratory basal blood channels or venolymphatic simuses may carry a significant fraction of the gall blood found that resting rainbow trout perfused approximately 58% of their lamellae with blood. Trout in hypoxic (low dissolved oxygen) water or injected with epinepherine (eg. simulating stress or excitement) perfused more than 70% of their lamellae. Conversely, injections of acetylcholine decreased perfused lamellae to approximately 43%. These results indicate that rainbow trout can increase the number of lamellae that are used in respiration as the…With the aid of schematic diagrams, comparatively, discuss the differences between the opercular and buccal suction pumps during respiration in marine fish species.