Describe IN DETAIL how vaccines work. Include a clear description of how the immune system works and how vaccines work WITH our natural immune function. How do they help protect us from dying from diseases? Use examples from the past (e.g. polio, smallpox, measles, rubella, etc.) to illustrate the effectiveness of vaccines.

Determine if the following description should be categorized as Humoral Immunity (B-cell activity), Cellular Immunity (T-cell activity), or both (B & T-cells perform this activity). 1. Can create antibodies 2. Can destroy pathogens by secreting perforins 3. Is activated by a T-helper cell 4. Undergoes clonal selection 5. Has the ability to stop clonal selection 6. Must have an APC (antigen presenting cell) to be activated 7. Can be activated by pathogen in circulation 8. Migrates around the body in the lymph 9. Can create a tag of MHC proteins to alert body of infection 10. Creates memory cells to recognize the pathogen in the future 11. Stimulated by MHC class 2 APC cells only 12. Can activate the second line of defense by secreting antibodies

What scenario best describes an autoimmune reaction? Group of answer choices The destruction of donated red blood cells by the recipient’s immune system The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes antigen resulting in cross-reaction against an antigen found on heart valves The activation of Mast cells by pollen The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes resulting in the deposit of antigen-antibodies in the kidney leading to glomerulonephritis

(M/C) Which statement is the best with respect to the role of the different arms of the immune system in defending against this virus based on the graph below? Infection of mice that are wild type or have the indicated protein or cell deletions 120 100 60 80 % Survival 40 20 20 0 wild type RIGI minus Toll receptor minus INF a/ẞ minus CD8 T cell minus INF a/ẞ + CD8 T cell minus 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Days after infection The innate immune response alone is usually enough to survive viral infection. ○ The adaptive immune response alone is usually enough to survive viral infection. Innate immunity plays a much larger role than adaptive immunity for survival. Both innate and adaptive immunity play about equal roles in survival.

Distinguish between the innate and adaptive immune systems in terms of cell types used, how they recognize pathogens, and how they protect animals from infection. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence innate immune system function. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence adaptive immune system function. Explain how traditional and mRNA vaccines work using the terms: antibody, antigen, B-cells, helper T-cells, plasma cells, and memory B-cells. Predict whether an infection or perturbations in B- and T- cell development might predispose someone to develop an autoimmune disease.

Of the following types of vaccines: attenunated live or inactivated whole agent, which is more effective and why?

Name the different types of immune responses that vaccines aim to induce.

The antibody surface involved in antigen binding varies depending on the size and nature of the antigen. This surface can be concave or flat, and sometimes, can have extended protrusions. This is accomplished by: Flexibility in the hinge regions of the antibody allowing rotation of the antigen-binding sites Some antibodies using V region framework sequences instead of the CDRs to bind antigen The ability of different CDR sequences to form many structurally distinct shapes and surfaces The ability of the same heavy chain to pair with different light chains The differential usage of κ versus λ light chains, as κ chains form concave

Why should we make vaccines mandatory?

Why doesn't a vaccine cause a person to get ill?