Define the three classifications of lipids.  Explain how are they different.

Q: Explain why the brain can’t use long-chain fatty acids for fuel and why evolution has selected…

A: Brain does a lot of energy-intensive processes in our body, and naturally, is the main site for…

Q: An enzyme catalyzes the reaction M↽−−⇀N M ↽ − − ⇀ N . The enzyme is present at a concentration of…

A: For a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the Michaelis-Menton equation shows the quantitative…

Q: In sheep DNA, the mol % of adenine (A) was found to be 28.3. Based on Chargaff's rule, what would be…

A: The base pairs in DNA have specific proportions according to Chargaff's rule. The quantity of…

Q: What protecting groups in solid-phase peptide synthesis NOT do? a)Activate the carboxlic acid to…

A: Protecting groups are transient changes of functional groups on the amino acids utilized to…

Q: Select the statement that is NOT correct O Most plasma lipoproteins are synthesised in the liver The…

A: Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life. It…

Q: His-64 is an amino acid in myoglobin's herne-binding pocket. It is called the "distal histidine." A…

A: Myoglobin is a oxygen carrying protein similar to hemoglobin, present in muscle tissues that is…

Q: 1. Why is nanotechnology likened to creating a statue out of apile of dust?

A: Nanotechnology involves manipulating and arranging individual atoms and molecules to build…

Q: What is the best advise for obtaining 2-log viral inactivation when the needed CT free chlorine is…

A: Various disinfectants are used to clean or free the water from microbes. The parameter which is used…

Q: Question based on SDS-PAGEI f you look at your loading buffer, what is the function of…

A: SDS PAGE or sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is an electrophoresis…

Q: 38. What is true about the rotation of about bonds in a protein backbone? A. The rotation is free…

A: The four types of biological macromolecules are proteins,…

Q: In addition, the proportion of each electron carrier (ferredoxin, NADP+, plastoquinone, cyt b559,…

A: The path taken by electrons in Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is shown below, highlighted in…

Q: Draw the biosynthetic pathway for tyrosine (anabolism)

A: Tyrosine is an polar amino acid with a hydroxyphenol side group.  Tyrosine is a conditional…

Q: Why is oxaloacetate depletion from the TCA cycle important for the initiation of ketogenesis? What…

A: The TCA cycle is a central metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is…

Q: The psicose (left part) should have the bridging oxygen bond come from carbon 1 and the OH should be…

A: Anomeric hydroxyl group of carbohydrates that do not participate in glycosidic bond formation are…

Q: How many net ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate…

A: 1,3 -bisphosphoglycerate is an intermediate formed in the process of glycolysis. It is a three…

Q: Consider the structure of following peptide from human brain. Identify part of the structure which…

A: First, lets take a look at the structures of the 5 opioid compounds. Morphine   Codeine Oxycodone…

Q: 15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP…

Q: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that presents in…

A: The branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex consists of multiple subunit. It is found in…

Q: A protein contains 342 amino acid residues. Assuming that the whole protein is in alpha- helical…

A: Alpha-helix is one of the most prominent secondary structures in proteins. In an alpha-helix, length…

Q: The image below shows the ATP cycle. From the statements below, select the correct statement about…

A: ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is very crucial molecule that serves as the primary energy…

Q: Researchers are manipulating the gene cxx2 for their experiments, and they have inserted a small…

A: As per the central dogma of biology, the flow of genetic information is from DNA -> RNA ->…

Q: One thing we've mentioned a lot in this class is that pyruvate can only undergo further oxidation…

A: The reason why pyruvate can only undergo further oxidation (via PDH enzyme and TCA cycle) in the…

Q: The most efficient enzymes are characterized by the following value: KM is a small number.…

A: kcat/KM is near the diffusion-controlled limit: An efficient enzyme is expected to have a kcat/KM…

Q: draw a “trans” and a “cis” peptide bond of alanine and threonine with the peptide bond lying in the…

A: The angle between the two planes in a molecule is called as the torsional angle or dihedral angle.…

Q: 2. How are single, double and triple covalent bonds different?

A: Chemical bonds stabilize and form molecules. Covalent chemical bonds are crucial. Atoms share…

Q: The first step of gluconeogenesis involves the carboxylation of pyruvate and has a large negative…

A: Carboxylation is the process of adding a carboxylate (COO-) group into a molecule. Upon…

Q: Research the enzyme Caspase-2 Indicate i) the class of enzymes to which it belongs to, ii) name the…

A: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. Enzymes show high substrate specificity…

Q: The reaction in gluconeogenesis catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH)…

A: Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.…

Q: Can the fatty acid B be used to generate glucose in animals and is this possible for an unbranched…

A: Beta oxidation: The enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS) adds a CoA group to the fatty acid chain…

Q: Describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis?   Please answer the question according…

A: Often called the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria are a double-membraned cell organelle found in…

Q: ii) What is the name of the monosaccharide that is produced in the digestion of starch? glucose…

A: Carbohydrate is a macronutrient which is the main nutrient utilized by our body for the purpose of…

Q: Based on the image below, select the correct statements. Note: There may be more than 1 correct…

A: Purines are a heterocyclic organic compound that has 5-member rings fused to a 6-member ring.…

Q: Which of the following is true about comparing the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and the…

A: The Citric Acid Cycle is the one where acetyl CoA acts as the substrate and undergoes a chain of…

Q: State the steps of ketone body formation, starting with two acetyl CoA.  Please make sure to state…

A: Acetyl-CoA formed during oxidation of fatty acids in the liver, either enter the citric acid cycle…

Q: Which of the following is most correct about dehydration reactions? a)They often accompanied by…

A: Any reactions that involve the release of elements of water are called dehydration reactions or…

Q: (b) Assume four mol H* must be translocated to synthesize one mol ATP by coupling of the following…

A: If the three moles of translocate to synthesize one mole of ATP, then coupled reaction is as…

Q: In TCA cycle, the enzyme that contains an FAD prosthetic group is—     malate dehydrogenase.…

A: The TCA  or tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the…

Q: Chemical energy contained in the fatty acids that are produced in the digestion of triglycerides is…

A: B-oxidation converts fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown into chemical potential energy in NADH…

Q: how many ATP molecules are used and how many are made in total? A diagram summarizing the

A: Glycolysis is a key metabolic activity present in all living organisms. It takes place in the…

Q: (a) H* transport from the outside of the IMM into the matrix drives this process. Assume the pH…

A: pH of inside the matrix=8.0 Concentration of H+ ion inside the matrix=1.0 A-10-8.0 pH outside the…

Q: 16. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD— accept electrons from reduced metabolites. accept…

A: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) are electron carriers…

Q: Select the correct statement A diet high in carbohydrate will increases gluconeogenesis in the liver…

A: Glucose, a form of sugar, is the primary source of energy for every cell in the body. The human body…

Q: i) Draw the first step of lipid hydrolysis using water as a nucleophile OO-P-O LOR₂ OR₁

A: Phospholipids are a type of lipid that is found in cell membranes. A glycerol molecule is connected…

Q: What is the net gain in ATP for ß-oxidation of palmitic acid (a sixteen-carbon fatty acid)?

A: For the complete oxidation of palmitic acid, it is first activated to its acyl-CoA form. This…

Q: The enzyme that converts glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate molecules is;

A: A carbohydrate is a biomolecule that is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are…

Q: Consider analysis of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated triacylglycerols (fish oil) and/or fatty…

A: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain ranging from 4 carbon to 36 carbons. They…

Q: Pure acetic acid has a melting point of 16.7 degree Celsius and a boiling point of 118 degree…

A: Acetic acid is a polar carboxylic acid. Intermolecular forces determine a substance's…

Q: 9. Scopolamine is an antagonist at which of the following receptors? a. nicotinic b. muscarinic c.…

A: Muscarinic receptors are found in various organs throughout the body, including the heart, lungs,…

Q: i) ADP (b) phosphate groups ii) Coenzyme A (CoA) (a) acyl groups iii) FAD (c) hydride ions (H:-) or…

A: A coenzyme is an organic compound that helps an enzyme function by binding to them. In the absence…

Q: What protecting groups in solid-phase peptide synthesis NOT do? a)Activate the carboxlic acid to…

A: Protecting groups are transient changes of functional groups on the amino acids utilized to…