Define the following terms: a. growth factors b. cytokine c. second messenger d. enzyme cascade e. desensitization

Q: Addition of which of the following components to any C3 convertase leads to the formation of C5…

A: The innate immune system is the body's first line of defence against foreign invaders. It is a…

Q: Explain the cytokine storm.

A: A cell is the smallest basic structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms are…

Q: Why is a cell-mediated immune response more effective against intracellular microorganisms (such as…

A: The objective of the question is to understand why a cell-mediated immune response is more effective…

Q: The cell marked with the blue dot synthesizes and secretes which of the following: Choose one from…

A: A capsule surrounds the lymph node and the parenchyma of the lymph node is divided into a cortex and…

Q: Fat-soluble signaling molecules cross the cell membrane; but they affect only the target cells…

A: Answer: FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES are those molecules which cannot be stored within a cell , they prefer…

Q: A child falls and receives a deep cut on her leg that went through her skin and is bleeding. Which…

A: Cilia propel a liquid layer of mucus that covers the airways. The mucus layer traps pathogens…

Q: What is Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)?

A: Tumor necrosis issue could be a protein, i.e. alittle supermolecule utilized by the immune system…

Q: An example of an endogenous microorganism is: A.Fomites b.Skin bacteria present in dermatitis. c.Air…

A: The objective of the question is to identify an example of an endogenous microorganism from the…

Q: One known function of the cells of the thymus is to a. produce and secrete antibodies b. produce…

A: The thymus organ, situated behind the sternum and between the lungs, it is active until adolescence…

Q: Which of the following classes of oncogenes would likely be druggable with a small molecule (select…

A: Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer. They can be found in normal cells and…

Q: None

A: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a significant role in the immune system. They…

Q: Which of the following statements is _false_ regarding phagocytosis? A. It can ingest large…

A: Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell attaches to the object it intends to ingest on the cell…

Q: Which of the following receptors are responsible for anchorage-dependence of normal cells through…

A: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is also known as amorphous ground substances that contain collagen,…

Q: In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from…

A: Introduction: T cell receptors (TCR) are present on T lymphocytes that are one of the immune cells…

Q: The head of the oncology divison of a large biotech company proposes to develop a therapeutic…

A: For cancer treatment, there are several options. The treatment a patient receives depends on the…

Q: The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….   Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to…

A: Immunoglobulins are the antibodies that are produced from B-lymphocytes of plasma cells.…

Q: How do lactoferrins inhibit pathogen growth? Group of answer choices A. Lactoferrins are used by…

A: lactoiferrin is found in the milk or in fact,  in the first milk produced after the baby is born…

Q: What is the clinical significance of coagulase product ion? a. Phagocytes produce coagulase to fight…

A: Coagulase is the enzyme that helps in blood coating. Coagulase is not to fight infection. First…

Q: If you could design a drug that increases extravasation at the endothelium, what is the most likely…

A: The leakage of blood, lymph, or other fluid, such as an anticancer drug, from a blood vessel or tube…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…

A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…

Q: Explain the following concept in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable A.…

A: An immune response is a reaction that occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against…

Q: a.    While surface properties influence the interaction with the surrounding tissue, thus the…

A: Introduction Controlling cell–material interactions, which will decide the effectiveness of tissue…

Q: Which of the following drugs is a clinically-used monoclonal antibody for the treatment of breast…

A: Introduction:- Medicines directed towards (target) proteins on breast cancer cells that help them…

Q: In what process is tumor necrosis factor (TNF) not involved?a. chemotaxis of phagocytesb. fever c.…

A: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and other immune cells as an…

Q: are cytolytic proteins that binds to target cell's plasma membrane to form pores. a. Chemokines b.…

A: The immune system is a network of cells and  proteins which form a various level of barrier to…

Q: All of the following are characteristics of defensins except:     A. There are two classes of…

A: Plants are exposed to different variety of pests and pathogens in nature. It has developed various…

Q: Select all of the statements that are true about the grey cell shown in the image. A. This cell is a…

A: In order to protect the body from dangerous invaders like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites as…

Q: Which of the following binds to surface-bound C3b during formation of the alternative C3 convertase?…

A: An intrinsic part of the immune system's protection against pathogenic organisms is the alternative…

Q: A virus has been identified that encodes a protein which inhibits the transporter-associated with…

A: Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)

Q: Considering the mechanisms of innate immunity, which of the following pairs is accurately matched?…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the correct pair that accurately describes the role of…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.  Which of the following examples below…

A: An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system erroneously attacks your body. The…

Q: Which of these statements best describes the purpose of inflammation?

A: Body response to a specific place Against the alien particle is said to inflammation

Q: Which of the following is not a goal of inflammation? A. Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical…

A: In case of inflammation that can be several signs that characterized the condition. The redness,…

Q: Describe some intracellular host macromolecules that may be bound by steroid molecules to prevent an…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: Which of the following is a type of cytokine? a. mast cell b. lysozyme C c. chemokine O d.…

A: Cytokines are the chemicals produced by the immune cells to protect the non- infected cells.

Q: Toll-like receptors (TLRS) act to A. cause phagocytic chemotaxis. B. induce phagocytosis. C. bind…

A: The immune system of any living being is important for its living or survival. When the immune…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding CD1 is correct? a. CD1 binding grooves are very…

A: The CD1 family of proteins is important in the adaptive immune response because they play a role in…

Q: 33. Which of the following statements is true about chemokines such as CXCL-8? A. They are powerful…

A: IL-8 is an important cytokine for inflammation which has the following effects:- Plays an…

Q: Vaccines are given to provide protection against pathogen causing infections. Which of the following…

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing bacteria, virus, parasite, or fungus in the body. Each pathogen…

Pathogenicity

Infection and Transmission

The infections are generated by the pathogenic organisms present in the environment. They maintain the capacity to invade a host body and establish colonies. A disease caused by such infectious agents is called a communicable disease or transmissible disease. These diseases spread through diverse means including blood, food, water, air, or vectors.