Answered: Interferon alpha and beta are released…

Interferon alpha and beta are released by virally infected cells to warn nearby cells about the virus and try to prevent spread. This is an example of _____ signalling

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. In clonal selection of B cells, which…

A: B cell expresses receptors ,that are specific to distinct antigen, is determined before…

Q: Jay, a young dad, takes his baby to the pediatrician several times in the first year of the child’s…

A: To explain: Why the visits of the baby to the pediatrician to stimulate to make memory cells against…

Q: IFN mediate their activity by a. Establishing antiviral state b. Down regulating the expression of…

A: Answer is option c

Q: pattern recognition receptor is cell receptor on a. cytokine b. monocyte c. epitope d. A and B

A: Pattern recognition receptor is found on the cells in our immune system.

Q: Where does denervation supersensitivity take place? A. In the blood flow to the brain B. In glia…

A: Denervation: Loss of nerve allowance. Effects of denervation comprise disease, chemical toxicity,…

Q: The reason why therapeutic anti-IgE is able to suppress allergic responses is that _____. a.…

A: The immune system is what protects your body from sicknesses and infections. It's the real system…

Q: T ________cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other Tcells.a. sensitized b.…

A: Immune responses is a specific reactivity induced in a host by an antigenic stimulus. It could be of…

Q: Once Tfh cells have been activated against vaccine delivered intramuscularly which Constant (C)…

A: There are five classes of immunoglobulin or antibodies. All these antibodies have variable and…

Q: The most widely distributed second messenger in cells is a. G protein b. adenyll cyclase c. cAMP…

A: Many cell signaling pathways involve extracellular ligands binding to cell surface receptors, which…

Q: Which cytokine does not activate NK cells early in a viral infection? a. IFN-a b. IFN-b c. IFN-g d.…

A: Interferon alpha or a is produced due to leukocytes infected with virus. Interferon beta or b…

Q: are released by helper T cells to mobilize immune cells and macrophages and attract other leukocytes…

A: Helper T cells are the T lymphocytes that activate the cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

Q: The molecule will bind to a. Viral DNA, CD4 of the T-cells. b. Viral CD4, T-cells. c. Viral gp120,…

A: Microbes including bacteria and viruses can cause infective diseases on the host. They utilize…

Q: Natural killer cellsa. are known for attacking large parasites, such as tapeworms.b. engulf…

A: Natural Killer cells also called large granular lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. It is a…

Q: The acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or destructive immune reaction to a harmless foreign…

A: Immune tolerance is significant for ordinary physiology. Central tolerance is the fundamental way…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A vaccine is effective because a. The…

A: Vaccine contain weak or inactive parts of particular antigen that triggers an immune response…

Q: The third line of defense includes: a. inflammation b. stomach’s digestive acid c. phagocytes d. MHC…

A: Answer is d.) MHC proteins.

Q: Systemic distribution of TNF-α in the blood circulation may cause _____. a. respiratory burst b.…

A: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by…

Q: Invading bacteria are recognized by neutrophils, which engulf the bacteria and form a packet within…

A: Neutrophils comprises of around 40% to 70% of the WBC(white blood cells). These are the most…

Q: Which of these types of cytokines do not match with the given description? A. Autocrine - The same…

A: Q. The correct option is D. Explanation: Autocrine: Autocrine signalling is a type of cell…

Q: An individual B cella. produces antibodies with sites that can bind manydifferent antigens.b.…

A: Antibodies: also called as agglutinogen. These are special chemicals found in the blood which act…

Q: _______ involves successive rearrangement at the lightchain loci when reactivity to self antigen…

A: Answer is a.) Receptor Editing.

Q: When virus enters into our body, many cells acquire antiviral state due to: a Acquiring resistance…

A: When virus enters our body many cells acquire antiviral state due to INTERFERON PRODUCTION (e)

Q: Which of the following is not correct concerning interferon?a. Interferon is a protective protein.b.…

A: Answer- Interferons are the proteins that are secreted from the viral infected cells.

Q: RIPK3 is a key modulator of necroptosis that

A: Necroptosis- The programmed form of necrosis or inflammatory cell death is called necroptosis.…

Q: Biologists can develop antibodies against nerve growth factor (i.e., molecules that inactivate nerve…

A: The brain is a dynamic structure that undergoes structural modifications throughout the life of an…

Q: A drug that were to inhibit the activity of T suppressor cells would lead to _______. a.…

A: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) also known as supressor t cell are a specialized subpopulation of T cells…

Q: An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilationisa. histamine b. collagen c.…

A: Inflammation is a localized immunized response that leads to swelling. Redness, pain, numbness,…

Q: which 2 of the would be considered a second messenger? a. Akt b. AMPK c. Ca2t d. cAMP e. mTOR

A: Second messengers are molecules that relay signals from the cell surface typically initiated by…

Q: Upon further testing, it is found that Matthew in question 4 does have normal cellular immunity.…

A: Antibody

Q: Explain the problem when a virus attacks T-helper cells

A: The immune system of our body plays a major role in protecting our body from infections by…

Q: These two cells destroy an infected cell by releasing chemicals that cause apoptosis. a. NK cell and…

A: A series of certain molecular reactions might cause the death of a biological cell. This phenomenon…

Q: The immune system cell that binds to herpes infected cells and kills them are? A. Regulatory cells…

A: The immune system can be defined as the type of organ system which participates in protecting the…

Q: Inflammatory cytokines a. act as opsonins. Ob. are produced only by phagocytic cells. c. facilitate…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: Which cytokines will act on mast cells to cause degranulation and local inflammation? a. TNF-alpha…

A: Cytokines are an enormous group of peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins that are released by…

Q: Which pertains to the immune response of a woman who has just inhaled a coronavirus to which she has…

A: Corona virus are a group of RNA viruses which causes disease in mammals and birds. They usually…

Q: A(n) _____ is an inactive form of an enzyme that frequently participates in a cascade of enzymatic…

A: An enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of a reaction without getting used up in…

Q: Which of the following pathways would you expect to be inhibited by drugs that prevent import of…

A: Explanation: Since the import of proteins into the nucleus is part of the TGF-Beta signalling…

Q: MHCII molecules will bind __________ and locate to the cell surface. a. T-independent type antigens…

A: T cells are not able to recognize free antigens directly. They can recognise only antigens that are…

Q: A young child is hospitalized with recurring bacterial infections, although she appears to make…

A: Humoral immune deficiencies are the conditions which are caused by the impairment of humoral…

Q: Select correct answer: Natural killer cells a. Targets are virus-infected cells and cancer cells and…

A: The immune system is the body system that defends the body against foreign pathogens and invaders,…

Q: The MHC structure is critical for... a. Natural Killer Cells to identify healthy cells b. T cells…

A: MHC is a protein that plays a crucial role in presenting the antigens and then clearing the antigens…

Q: Which of the following are pattern recognition receptors? A, receptors for interferons B. lymphocyte…

A: Various PRRs can be secreted by cells, and bind straightforwardly to invading micro organisms. A few…

Question

Interferon alpha and beta are released by virally infected cells to warn nearby cells about the virus and try to prevent spread. This is an example of _____ signalling.

A. Autocrine

B. Endocrine

C. Paracrine

D. Exocrine

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

This is a popular solution!

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1

VIEW

Step 2

VIEW

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Similar questions

Vaccines are given to provide protection against pathogen causing infections. Which of the following statements best describes how vaccines work? a Fever and swelling develop which is the first response in killing a pathogen b. Antibodies in the vaccine provide the body with nonspecific immunity to an antigen. c. An inactivated or killed virus stimulates the body to develop specific immunity to that type of virus. d. Heathy bacteria causes the body to release toxins which will protect the body if later exposed to different type of bacteria.
If B cells making high-affinity IgG4 are unable to switch to IgE at a late stage in the germinal center reaction during a helminth infection, then _____. (Select all that apply.) a. a chronic infection will ensue b. IgG4 will activate macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines c. a type III hypersensitivity reaction will result d. mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils will not be activated e. a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction is required to eradicate the infection.
The first cell to initiate an adaptive immune response to a novel pathogen is _____. A. an antigen presenting cell such as a neutrophil or macrophage B. a helper T cell in the lymph nodes C. a B cell that binds a pathogen at the site of infection D. a memory cell that is activated directly by the pathogen
____________interferon, produced by T lymphocytes, activates cellscalled _____________ and is involved in destroying viruses.a. Gamma, fibroblasts b. Beta, lymphocytes c. Alpha, natural killer cells d. Beta, fibroblasts
An example of the immune system's first line of defense involves B-cells producing antibodies a. b. Macrophages engulfing bacteria O C. killer T-cells destroying the cell membrane of bacteria O d. Stomach acid destroying bacteria in food O
Explain Which Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called ________. a. endocytosis b. opsonization c. anaphylaxis d. complement activation
An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, whereas an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?a. Multiple sclerosisb. Huntington diseasec. Systemic lupusd. Fibromylagia
During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by damaged parenchymal cells in the tissue, which attracts neutrophils, which secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to attract macrophages; a purulent exudate is formed.b. Band cells respond to hyperthermia by producing TNF-α and interleukins, which then cause a left shift that results in the accumulation of neutrophils within the tissue.c. Damaged parenchymal cells release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract macrophages, causing a left shift and the formation of a purulent exudate.d. Cytokines, such as TNF-α, are released by damaged parenchymal cells, while leukotrienes and prostaglandins produced by neutrophils cause smooth muscle constriction and the further accumulation of leukocytes.
All of the following regarding CD1a, b, and c are true except _____. a. They have a more limited tissue distribution than CD1d. b. CD1b associates with CD1e for the purpose of lipid transfer. c. They cycle through endosomal vesicles in different locations of the cell with the assistance of adaptor proteins. d. They possess different sizes of antigen-binding sites. e. They all present lipid antigens. f. They cycle continually between the cell surface and endosomal compartments, allowing exchange of antigens. g. CD1b can accommodate more than one antigen simultaneously. h. They are expressed by double-positive thymocytes and facilitate positive selection of CD1-restricted T cells. i. They present antigens to NKT cells.
Which type of immune response works in concert withcytotoxic T cells against virally infected cells?a. natural killer cellsb. complementc. antibodiesd. memory
Which of the following statements is true about the IL-1 family of cytokines? A. They are powerful activators of inflammation b. They are chemotaxis mediators. c. Directly stimulate the growth of immune system cells in the bone marrow d. They are mainly mediators of the antiviral response
Which of the following receptor types will trigger the release of cytokines in macrophages? O A. Mannose Receptors B. Scavenger Receptors O C. Glucan Receptors O D. Toll-like Receptors O E. C-type Lectins