cytosine is deaminated. Describe the outcome of this deamination and explain in detail how E. coli repairs this mutation using base excision repair (BER). This repair should contain 5 steps and describe the function of all enzymes or structures.

The polyamines spermine and spermidine have numerous effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Examples include chromatin condensation, transcription, translation, and apoptosis. They are best known for their role in promoting DNA stability. Explain how polyamines enhance DNA stability and promote supercoiling

4A. Write out the chemical equations (structures are not necessary) for the two steps in the reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA transferase. Include all products and reactants. Step 1: amino acid activation Step 2: aminoacyl transfer to the tRNA 4B. Write the chemical equation for the net reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl transferase. This can be determined by taking the sum of the two reactions above.

Give me a clear Explanation Detailed Solution..no need handwritten

Consider the mechanism of the enzyme RNase:   What would happen to the Km (i.e., would it increase, decrease, or stay the same) if the his12 was mutated to a lysine? Explain.   What would happen to the Kcat (i.e., would it increase, decrease, or stay the same) if the his12 was mutated to a valine? Explain.

Genes involved in DNA to protein route are highly conserved in comparison to genes of enzymes that catalyze steps in metabolic pathways individually. What could be the reason for this?

RNAi (or RNA interference) is the process of creating double-stranded RNA in the cells. Explain how  this strategy can be effective against COVID19 and describe how you would go about doing this generally.

how would the disruption of the Rb family of proteins lead to cancer? Describe the possible molecules and pathways that could be affected

. Propose a mechanism by which a type II topoisomerase could use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to scan a large DNA molecule and, thereby, to direct that the enzyme will catalyze largely “disentan- gling" reactions (decatenation and unknotting).

a. A single mutation in the riboswitch’s sequence changes the ligand binding specificity from guanine toadenine. Predict what single mutation could be made in the guanine-responsive riboswitch sequenceto convert it to an adenine-responsive riboswitch. Justify your answer b. Could a DNA molecule with the same nucleotide sequence as the guanine-responsive riboswitch bindguanine in a similar manner as the RNA-based molecule? Explain