Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…
A: Inflammation predispose to the development of cancer & promotes all stages of tumorigenesis
Q: Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded…
A: Cancer is the unnatural and excessive proliferation of cells that becomes harmful to normal body…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the…
Q: Explain the Role of proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes ?
A: The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes induces cancers although the activation of the…
Q: a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I will be…
Q: The Bax gene, codes for a cytosolic protein that plays an important role in apoptosis. Growth factor…
A: Bax gene Bcl-2-associated X protein which is pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family. Cell…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: You found a protein called X in colon cancer patients that is over-expressed and is associated with…
A: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to other parts of…
Q: The p53 gene encodes a tumor-suppressor protein, p53, which acts as a transcription factor for…
A: Answer. Genes for which a gain of function mutation drives a cell towards cancer are called proto…
Q: Finding the ________ virus in chickens established the first association between viral infection and…
A: Virus is a small entity which behaves as both living and non-living . When present inside the host…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of a fail-safe mechanism that prevents the irregular cell…
A: Uncontrolled cell division results in the development of a tumor or cancer. There are many factors…
Q: Discuss how oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are related to genes involved in the control of…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the regular genes present in the genome which are important for the…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
A: Oncogenes are those genes that have the potential to cause cancer. These genes are often mutated or…
Q: Describe how Ras and p53 can alter the simplified genetic pathway controlling cell division shown…
A: There are two general types of genes that play a fundamental role in cancer induction:…
Q: The normal copies of tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that have which three types of…
A: A tumour suppressor gene also known as anti-oncogene is a gene that is responsible to regulate the…
Q: Describe, using specific examples, the differences in how a growth factor gene and a tumor…
A: When we talk about cancer, there are certain genes associated with it. Oncogenes are genes that are…
Q: Describe the differences between point mutations, chromosomal translocations, and gene amplification…
A: Cancer is a disease that is associated with the uncontrolled division of cells and invasion of…
Q: Suppose Nicole recently learned that she inherited a mutant BRCA1 allele from her mother, who had…
A: BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene usually expressed in breast cells. It is responsible for repairing…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: 1. The diagrams (A and B) below represent the two common types of cancer genes; one diagram…
A: Genetic material is nothing but the sequence of nucleic acids which is called as DNA. It contains…
Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…
Q: Describe the underlying causes of epigenetic changes associated with cancer.
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: Which of the following statements about cancer is false? (a) oncogenes arise from mutations in…
A: Proto Oncogenes are the genes that cause cancer when there are alterations in them. Several factors…
Q: Which one of the following events is unlikely to beassociated with cancer?a. mutation of a cellular…
A: Cancer is basically the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or mutated cells in the body. It is…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its…
A: Cancer is a medical condition that is characterized by the growth of tumors in the body of an…
Q: Tumor suppressor proteins can assist in slowing down the cell cycle under appropriate conditions. In…
A: Mutation can be classified in many ways - like point mutations are substitutions, frameshift…
Q: Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be growth factors and growth factor…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Which of the following chromosomal changes would be LEAST likely to cause the development of cancer?…
A: Cancer is a condition where cells in a specific part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably.…
Q: Explain the normal regulation of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that prevents cells from…
A: Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are two types of genes that relate cell cycle regulation to…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: A tumor suppressor gene (TSG) codes for a protein that is part of the system that regulates cell…
A: Normal genes that halt cell division or fix DNA errors are known as tumor suppressor genes. Such…
Q: An oncogene is produced from a that has acquired a .a.…
A: Cancer is an abnormal condition that leads to proliferation of normal cells. They are caused due to…
Q: EXPLAIN BRIEFLY: Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.
A: Answers P53 also defined as tumour suppressor Gene. Hence it protect the cells from various damages…
Q: Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes are widely…
A: Answer: Introduction: The genes like the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) genes…
Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…
A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…
Q: What is the most likely reason for a heterogeneous genetic makeup of a tumor that arises from a…
A: the answer is given in next step.
Q: a. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this patient inherited the mutation from one…
A: There are various diagnostic technique used to diagnose cancer and they are:- Biopsy, Breast MRI,…
Q: Explain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the…
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
Q: Researchers have identified some tumors that have no recurrent mutations or deletions in known…
A: Deletion is a genetic aberration in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out…
Q: What are the key steps of transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis on a cellular and tissue…
A: Transformation is a process in which a normal cell is transform into a cancerous cell Tumor genesis…
Q: what are the rolls that the p53 gene and RAS protein take on when trying to stop a cancer cell from…
A: Given: Role of p53 and RAS protein to stop a cancer cell from replication. What happens if mutation…
- Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2, telomerase, jun, and
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene?Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.The Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins govern the cell via altering cellular proteins. The E6 protein interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53 and directs its ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Can you elaborate about the P63 gene: its function and if it can be altered/mutated by HPV? If it does, what is the relationship between P53 and P63? Thank you!
- Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called Mdm2. Over expression of Mdm2 destabilizes p53. Another protein p19ARF inhibits the activity of Mdm2, thus stabilizing p53. Loss of p19ARF function converts normal cells into cancer cells With the above information, which of the following statements are true? Mdm2 is a tumor suppressor gene but p19ARF is an oncogene Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are oncogenes Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are tumor suppressor genes O Mdm2 is an oncogene but p19ARF is a tumor suppressor gene
- Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regionsD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.
- 1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Cancer is driven by alterations in the expression of critical genes, namely tumour suppressors, which play a growth-regulatory role, and proto-oncogenes, which promote the growth and survival of the cell. For both classes of cancer-related gene, suggest a likely mechanism of alteration and sketch the consequence for the gene and protein. Tumour suppressor gene (i.e. TP53, PTEN or APC) Oncogene (i.e. RAS, MYC)How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes?