Cholera is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.Ultimately, the toxin leads to the activation of ion channels by Protein Kinase A (PKA),indirectly causing water to leave the cell (following ions out of the cell). This loss ofelectrolytes and water from intestinal cells into the intestinal lumen, produces thewatery diarrhea characteristic of a V.cholera infection.Would you expect lower or higher levels of PKA in cells exposed to the cholera toxin? Ifyou were to measure CAMP levels in these cells, what would you expect to find? Why?How might the cholera toxin modify G-proteins to result in these cAMP levels?

G-protein is a GTP binding protein that is found closely associated with the receptor called…

Answered: Cholera is caused by a toxin produced…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Similar questions

which set of cells has a functional APC/C – those treated with siCon or those treated with siBRCA1? Explain your answer.
The SOS response repairs extensive damage in prokaryotic cells. Why would this process be maladaptive for a multicellular eukaryote?
Penicillin is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing the formation of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. Penicillin does so by inhibiting the enzyme Transpeptidase, which is required for peptidoglycan layer formation. What type of inhibitor is Penicillin? Explain.
Certian bacterial species have outer layers composed of polymers made of D-amino acids. Immune system cells whose task is to attack and destroy foerign cells, cannot destroy these bacteria. Suggest a reason for the phenomenon.
According to the “Hawaiian Punch” principle, different compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathways are topologically equivalent to each other and to the extracellular space. Explain how vesicular transport generates this topological equivalence. These compartments are topologically equivalent because molecules can move between them without having to move out of the cell. Transport vesicles cause this “topological equivalence” because they are responsible for the actual movement of the molecules mentioned above. They break off from one compartment, carrying the necessary molecules, and then fuse to its targeted compartment; thus, making the compartments topologically equivalent. During mitosis in mammalian cells, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles. Are the topological properties of the cell altered by this event? Justify your answer.
Which of the following cytoskeletal proteins is needed for phagocytosis, amoeboid movements, cytoplasmic streaming, cytokinesis, and contraction of skeletal muscle fibers (in some eukaryotic cells)?
What are some examples of human cells that produce proteins for exportation? Which cytoplasmic organelle is expected to be well- developed and abundant in those cells?
4. i)List two reasons why membrane fusion is energy demanding. ii) List the three SNARE proteins which catalyze fusion of vesicle with target membranes and specify their localizations. iii) Briefly describe the structures of SNARE proteins and SNARE complex. iv) What does botulism neurotoxins do to SNARE proteins? How do these toxins lead to muscle paralysis? 5. How does the structure of the potassium channel promote specific binding of potassium?
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. This kind of disease can exist undetected in herds for years. In order to detect the paratuberculosis among ruminants, thiol modified oligonucleotide having the sequence of 5’- GAT GAC ATC GCA GTC GAG CTG- 3’ was functionalized in the 15 nm gold nanoparticles. How many bonds (total bonds) will be formed upon hybridization with its complementary sequence? Answer Format: (Number only) *
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. This kind of disease can exist undetected in herds for years. In order to detect the paratuberculosis among ruminants, thiol modified oligonucleotide having the sequence of 5’- GAT GAC ATC GCA GTC GAG CTG- 3’ was functionalized in the 15 nm gold nanoparticles. What is the corresponding tRNA in the thiol modified oligonucleotides in 5’ → 3’? Answer Format: (Letter only, no spaces)
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely virulent. Uponinfection, Y. pestis injects a set of effector proteins intomacrophages that suppresses their phagocytic behaviorand also interferes with their innate immune responses.One of the effector proteins, YopJ, acetylates serines andthreonines on various MAP kinases, including the MAPkinase kinase kinase TAK1, which controls a key signalingstep in the innate immune response pathway. To deter-mine how YopJ interferes with TAK1, you transfect humancells with active YopJ (YopJWT) or inactive YopJ (YopJCA)and with FLAG-tagged active TAK1 (TAK1WT) or inactiveTAK1 (TAK1K63W), and assay for total TAK1 and for phos-phorylated TAK1, using antibodies against the FLAG tag oragainst phosphorylated TAK1 (Figure Q23–1). How doesYopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway? How do you sup-pose the serine/threonine acetylase activity of YopJ mightinterfere with TAK1 activation?
Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion

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