Cancer cells are a population of cells: 1. That display an increased rate of genetic change over time 2. That have a selective advantage 3. With a new combination of alleles 4. All of these are true
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Cancer cells are a population of cells:
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- Figure 17.15 In 2011, the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended against using the PSA test to screen healthy men for prostate cancer. Their recommendation is based on evidence that screening does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer often develops very slowly and does not cause problems, while the cancer treatment can have severe side effects. The PCA3 test is considered to be more accurate, but screening may still result in men who would not have been harmed by the cancer itself suffering side effects from treatment. What do you think? Should all healthy men be screened for prostate cancer using the PCA3 or PSA test? Should people in general be screened to find out if they have a genetic risk for cancer or other diseases?Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?1. A patient has a mutated BRCA2 gene and a normal BRCA1 gene. Select the TWO answers that are correct. The patient has an increased risk of developing ovarian or breast cancer than a patient with normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The patient has a lesser risk of developing ovarian or breast cancer than a patient with normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The patient has a lesser risk of developing ovarian or breast cancer than a patient with a normal BRCA2 gene and a mutated BRCA1 gene. The patient has a greater risk of developing ovarian cancer and a lesser risk of developing breast cancer than a patient with normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The patient has a greater risk of developing breast cancer and a lesser risk of developing ovarian cancer than a patient with normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
- Biology = genetics please do Challenge problem 3 Now, figure out the complementation groups. This shows how many genes are involved in this pathway. Some of the mutant classes in the previous problem must contain more than one complementation group (gene) For example class 2 is defined by mutants 1,3,4,6, and 7. These mutants may, or may not, all be in the same gene. Complementation testing will help you know if they are, or are not, in the same gene. So there are actually additional steps between some of the letters. For example, maybe instead of XàY, it is really X->F->G->Y.3. The ILRN gene encodes a protein that acts as an antagonist to interleukin receptors. This gene has three alleles represented as A*1, A*2, and A*3. In a study on the relationship between genotype and chronic pain sensitivity, data was collected on the ILRN genotype of 100 people as follows: 50 A*1/A*1 26 A*1/A*2 4 A*1/A*3 10 A*2/A*2 A*2/A*3 A*3/A*3 0 10 A. Calculate the frequency of each allele. B. Determine how many people there would be of each genotype if the population were in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and use the Chi-squared test to evaluate how well these expectation fit the observed dataA study on the effects of a new drug tamoxifen has stopped more than a year early because of dramatic findings. The American National institute of health reports that in a trial of 13 000 healthy women, there were 85 cases of breast cancer amongst the more than 6000 who were given tamoxifen compared to 154 in an equal number of women who Didi not get the drug. Dr Richard Klausher , director of the institute said only through continued research will we find drugs which are effective and with fewer side effects. It is said that women who were taking 'dummy' will be given a chance to take tamoxifen instead. 1. Write in your own words why you think the study was stopped early. 2. Explain the method used [ Be quantitative] 3. Summarize the results of the study [ Be quantitative] 4. Was this a well-designed study? Give two reasons 5. Which group of women served as placebo
- Every year, about a million Americans are diagnosed with cancer. This means that about 75 million Americans now living will eventually have cancer, And one in five will die of the disease. There are many kinds of cancers and many causes, such as smoking, overexposure to ultraviolet rays, a high fat and low fiber diet, and some workplace chemicals. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year on searching for treatment, yet less money is spent on prevention. Should we devote more resources to treating cancer or to preventing it? Explain.Mutation: Tan Body Pgeneration Phenotypes: Normal female X Tan male Fi generation Phenotvoe Females Males Total Ratio Normal Tan F, XF, Phenotypes: Normal female X Normal male F2 generation Phenotvoe Females Males Total Ratio Normal 8. 4. Tan 4 F Punnett square F. Punnett square Ths mutation is inhented aS 399FOne example of an oncogene is ras. Ras is a G protein that is activated when growth factors bind to a G protein-coupled receptor. The mutated form of ras binds to GTP but does not allow the GTP to be broken down to GDP. Ras is involved in both the G¡ and G2 checkpoints. What happens to cells that have this mutated form of ras? O A. They divide when they should not. O B. They don't divide when they should. O C. They enter mitosis without going through the S phase of the cell cycle. D. They enter cytokinesis without going through the M phase of the cell cycle. of 50 Answered MacBook Air 吕口 F3 g88 FA F5 F6 F7 F2 # $ % & 2 3 4 6 7 9 Q W E T Y A S F
- You are a studying the genetic basis of horn color in unicorns. Gene C determines the color of pigment destined for the horn by converting a pink precursor into a purple pigment. C- individuals make purple pigment whereas cc individuals accumulate pink precursor. Gene D ensures the deposition of the pigment into the horn cells, such that D- individuals have a colored horn (purple or pink), whereas dd individuals have a white horn. You breed two purple horned unicorns to each other (CcDd). Assuming Gene C and Gene D are unlinked, what is the probability that the baby unicorn has a purple horn? Please express your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g. 0.69).This is a blank question. Thank you in advance, Bloom Syndrome Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. It is characterized by short stature and a long narrow face with prominent nose and ears. There is also increased sensitivity to light. People who have the disorder often develop rashes on their face, forearms, and hands when they have been exposed to the sun. In addition, these people often suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and have a higher chance of developing cancer. The cause of this genetic disorder is a mutation in the BLM gene located on chromosome 15. The immediate effect of this mutation is that there is a defect in the functioning of the DNA helicase enzyme. What would be the effect of this mutation on DNA replication? What stage of the cell cycle would be most affected?1. Following are several further results that you get from your cancer research. For each result, list the type of array or type of experiment that could have been used to do the study. a. Tissue biopsies were taken from cancer patients. Normal cells were found to have CD81 antigen on their cell surface but stage 4 cancer cells are lacking the antigen; confirming the microarray results. b. Out of thousands of possible therapeutic agents (drugs) that were screened, seven were found to bind to Annexin I. c. In pancreatic cancer there are gains in chromosomes 1q, 2, 3, 5, 7p and losses in 1p, 3p, 6, and 9p.
