calculate the theoretical reciprocal linear dispersion of an echelle grating with a focal growth of 0.85m, a groove density of 120 grooves/mm, and a diffracion angle of 61 16 when the diffraction order is 30 and 90

Iron nanoparticles were produced by the evaporation method and their average sizes are estimated 25,50, 90 and 120 nm using the laser particle analyzer. Assuming that the resultant particles are strain freeand the peak broadening detected in the measurement with Cu-K radiation (λ=0.154 nm) arises onlyfrom variation of size of the crystallites, estimate the peak width (the value of FWHM) of the (110) plane.

Explain how XPS can be used to identify the compositions of the material in the layers below the surface. and state if is it possible to perform depth profile analysis using an X-ray tube such as Cu tube?

I) Diamond crystallises in a face-centred cubic structure with a = 3.5625 Å. Calculate the d-spacing and peak position of the first allowed peak (i.e. the peak with the lowest hkl value that meets the selection rules) using a wavelength of 0.71073 Å.  II) A solvothermal synthesis gave rise to a mixture of two crystalline phases: one phase consists of 50-65 μm octahedral crystallites while the other phase consists of 150-180 μm hexagonal plates. Identify a separation technique that would likely be effective in separating these materials.