Q: Discuss the five types of intracellular communication.
A: We know that the five types of Intercellular communication are : 1.Autocrine…
Q: Define and describe endogenous rhythms.
A: In biology, endogenous rhythm can be described as a biological clock of an organism's internal…
Q: Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.
A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or nAChRs can be defined as the receptor polypeptides that will…
Q: . “Facilitation in a neuronal pool” refers to .
A: "Facilitation in a neuronal pool" refers to when the neurons of the neuronal pool are more excitable…
Q: While recording intracellularly from a DS RGC, you drift a light spot first rightward, and then…
A: For the above question recording intracellularly from a DS RGC, light source shows spiking in…
Q: What would be the extended effects of drugs that blocktranscription?
A: The process by which DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid) is…
Q: The blockade of which of the following receptors most likely mediated by nitrous oxide? a. 5-HT3…
A: The analgesic properties of Nitrous oxide N2O is attenuated by opiate receptor antagonists. The…
Q: Describe the functions of nociceptors and identify the roles of substance P and endorphins.
A: Basically the detection of a noxious stimuli through the activation of nociceptors. Some Examples…
Q: Briefly discuss in details the CNS effect of Morphine Analgesic?
A: Morphine is a strong opioid analgesic that works by binding with opioid receptors in the CNS.…
Q: n Neurology, please explain the relationship between suprathreshold depolarization and induced…
A: Neurons communicate with each other via electrical events called action potentials and chemical…
Q: Explain the mechanism by which glutamate and NO mayfunction to promote development of memories and…
A: The biochemical information the messenger RNA is converted to proteins. This is the translation…
Q: The output from the hypothalamus and the other brain areas to the effectors is via?
A: The effectors can be described as the bodily organs, tissues, or muscles activated in response to…
Q: A nurse uses a whirlpool to relax a patient following intensephysical therapy to restore movement in…
A: Sense of pain is mediated by the nervous system. Neurons are the principal functional cells of the…
Q: the biosynthesis of acetylcholine in choliner
A: Acetylcholine synthesizes in cholinergic neuron. It is synthesized from Acetate and Choline with the…
Q: In schizophrenia, the neurons affected by dopamine are overstimulated. This condition is treated…
A: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and is responsible to carry out many brain-related functions. Its…
Q: explain serotonin dopamine and gaba and its effects.
A: Serotonin, dopamine and gaba all are the neurotransmitters means all are chemical massengers of…
Q: Write the summary of Mechanisms by Which Receptor Activation Influences Ion Channels?
A: Ion Channels are the protein channel in the membranes which allows the charged ions (sodium,…
Q: Identify the targets of the cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters of the ANS.
A: ANS is the autonomic nervous system which is a branch of the peripheral nervous system or PNS. It is…
Q: Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.
A: Long-term potentiation is a neural process in which the signals between neurons become stronger with…
Q: Give 2 examples of drugs which target neurotransmitter release or reuptake.(expect from cocaine and…
A: These are chemical messengers that transmit signal from a neuron, muscle cell or gland cell.
Q: Briefly describe where a cholinergic drug acts and how itaffects the postsynaptic receptors. Give…
A: Cholinergic drugs Often called parasympathomimetic drugs, because their action mimics the action of…
Q: List the two substances in the body which naturally stimulate opioid receptors.
A: the human body have receptors called opioid receptors . these are g protein coupled receptors that…
Q: Describe the relationship between dopaminergic neurons, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia.
A: Pleasure, alertness, addiction, and mood elevation are all associated with dopamine. Dopamine, on…
Q: Explain how monoamines are inactivated at the synapse and how this process can be clinically…
A: The neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are known as monoamines.
Q: Can benzodiazepines or barbiturates alone cause an inhibitory effect on neurons? Why?
A: Inferable from the low restorative file of barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs) got mainstream in…
Q: 52. The major structures of the mesolimbocortical dopamine pathway include: Group of answer choices…
A: This dopaminergic pathway connects the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal…
Q: Actions of neuropeptides include all the following, except :-a- inhibition of gene transcriptionb-…
A:
Q: What will be the receptor probability of the active state after you add a high dose of an…
A: Signaling pathway of the cell helps in communication with in the cell as well as between the cells.…
Q: According to planet's theory of cognitive development what "primary circular reaction?" Provide an…
A: Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of ability to cognized ,understand and articulate…
Q: Explain what is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker?
A: Drugs work by interacting with receptors on cell surfaces or enzymes that regulate the rate of…
Q: How can you tell if glutamate is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?
A: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that are used to send signals to the other cells .…
Q: List the function of Dopamine?
A: Neurotransmitters are chemicals produced by neurons, which are nerve cells. They are used to…
Q: Illustrate a major way that receptor activation ceases?
A: Receptors: The chemical messengers that bind to proteins are called receptors. Most of the chemical…
Q: Differentiate between Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE),and epinephrine?
A: Introduction Complex organisms such as Multicellular organisms need control and coordination…
Q: Briefly describe the proposed mechanism of CNS depression by benzodiazepines. Give examples of most…
A: Benzodiazepines, also recognized as tranquilizers, are a form of drug that works to relax or sedate…
Q: Describe the intracellular response to activation of α and β adrenergic receptors
A: Introduction:The adrenergic receptors, also known as adrenoceptors, are G protein-coupled receptors…
Q: Describe the biochemical signaling steps by which activation of the NMDA receptor causes the…
A: NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels with high calcium permeability that are…
Q: An induced dipole-dipole interaction has been proposed between aromatic amino acid residues present…
A: Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system. It is derived from the…
Q: How would the effects differ between a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and one…
A: Drug can inhibit or block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Q: Give two mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert their effects.
A: Neurotransmitters are the chemical signals which are released from the neuronal cells from the CNS…
Q: Briefly discuss the major classes of second messenger thatare now recognized.
A: Second Messengers are signaling molecules present in the cell which are released in response to…
Q: After the neuron has gone through LTP, what is now the effect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At…
A: Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the central nervous system. It plays a…
Before LTP: In the normal state, what is the effect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At the NMDA receptors?
The LTP is long-term potentiation and LTD is long-term depression. It can be elicited by activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. NMDA is N-methyl-D-aspartate. The early phase of expression is generally mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptor redistribution.
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- Explain phenomenon of constitutive activity, and how inverse agonists produce their effect.What is the structue of dopamin, and suggest the binding interactions of dopamine with the receptor. Draw a suggested model for the required interactions for agonistic and antagonistic activty in dopamine receptor.Describe and explain in detail the effects of glutamate when it binds to postsynaptic AMPA receptors vs the effect of it when it binds to NMDA receptors.
- Please ASAP. Thanku Glutamate receptor LGICs are __________What is the role of oxidate stress in the development of Parkinson's disease? Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. The disruptions in the physiologic maintenance of redox protection in neurons interfere with the process, which ends up leading to cell death?Discuss the five types of intracellular communication.
- Briefly describe the series of events that takesplace when cAMP acts as a second messenger.Which statement(s) is/are true regarding the release of glutamate? (Select all that apply) Question 4 options: A) It acts by opening up Cl channels B) It can cause an EPSP in the postsynaptic membrane of a typical cortical neuron C) It can cause an EPSP in the postsynaptic membrane of a retinal neuron D) It can cause an IPSP in the postsynaptic membrane of a retinal neuronPlease ASAP. Thanku. What is the effect of increasing the activity of HCN (Ih) channels on action potential firing rate?
- Explain the mechanism by which glutamate and NO mayfunction to promote development of memories and learningIn cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibition of the choline transporter will affect the normal synthesis and release acetylcholineTRUE OR FALSEExplain the Crosstalk between 2nd messenger systems and the purpose of each step of the pathway.