Explain the Crosstalk between 2nd messenger systems and the purpose of each step of the pathway.

Q: Discuss the five types of intracellular communication.

A: We know that the five types of Intercellular communication are : 1.Autocrine…

Q: Name two cell functions regulated by DAG and IP3

A: The majority of chemicals that cause cell signalling are those that attach to a particular protein…

Q: Explain G coupled protein receptors and protein kinase associated receptors.

A: Receptors are chemically protein or glycoprotein molecules which binds to the signal( ligand).The…

Q: Give three examples of second messengers.

A: Since most of the ligands that bind to receptors are hydrophilic, they cannot pass through the cell…

Q: Discuss Apical-basal cell polarityMechanical cuesG protein–coupled receptors

A: Cell polarity The free or apical domain is always directed towards the exterior surface or the…

Q: Select one second messenger and explain its structure and function

A: The cellular structures which recognise and bind to hormones are called receptors. receptors are…

Q: Explain and Illustrate

A: Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted,…

Q: Define: G coupled protein receptors and protein kinase associated receptors

A: G coupled protein receptors are membrane receptors in eukaryotes. These are cell surface receptors…

Q: What are Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction  Signals can be classified into two based on their chemical properties: Hydrophobic…

Q: toxin creates pores that are permeable to Ca2+. Describe its immediate effect on the resting…

A: Action potential the action potential is defined as the rapid rise and fall in the membrane…

Q: Define the term alpha–gamma coactivation? What is its role?

A: In physiology, Alpha-gamma coactivation is the process in which muscle maintains the length during…

Q: Reflects the fact that a receptor normally binds only to a single messenger

A: Signal transduction also known as cell signaling is a pathway which involves the transmission of…

Q: Illustrate the Pathways Initiated by Lipid-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction:Biochemistry is the branch of science that combines principles from both biology and…

Q: Please Name and explain the four classes of chemical messengers.

A: Any substance that transmits a message in our body is referred to as a chemical messenger.

Q: Predict whether inhibition of glutamate signaling activity, for example, by using a drug that blocks…

A: Synapses is a gap present between the ends of two nerve cell, i.e., the axon terminal of one nerve…

Q: Describe some of the changes associated with aging of theendocrine system.

A: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system…

Q: Illustrate how and when histamine occur as a neurotransmitter

A: A neurotransmitter which is called histamine is released from histaminergic neurons and this neuron…

Q: List the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: In a biological system, receptors are the protein structures that help in the transmission of…

Q: Write the summary of Mechanisms by Which Receptor Activation Influences Ion Channels?

A: Ion Channels are the protein channel in the membranes which allows the charged ions (sodium,…

Q: Give Reference Table of Important Second Messengers?

A: Second messengers are signaling molecules present within the cells that are released when the cell…

Q: describe a second-messenger system and discuss itsimportance in human physiology;

A: Cellular signaling is a process, which is required by the cell to communicate with the outer…

Q: List examples of second messengers, and explain how they exerttheir effects.

A: Second messengers are the molecules that transfer the signal of the arrival of some hormones or…

Q: Explain how the binding of heroin to presynaptic neurones raises the probability of action…

A: Heroin is the opiate that is mostly used. Morphine is converted into heroin. Opioids boost the…

Q: Describe the distribution of voltage gated ion channels in the nodes of Ranvier-vs-trigger zone/axon

A: Voltage gated ion channels are multi-subunit protein complexes that respond to changes in membrane…

Q: Describe the evidence showing that axons seek specific targets.

A: An nerve fiber or axon is the long forecast of neuron or nerve cell.

Q: List the various Pathways Initiated by different Messengers?

A: Second messengers are defined as molecules that send down signals at receptors on surface of the…

Q: name the three ways in which an ion channel can be gated.

A: Introduction:Protein-based structures make up the channels in a cell membrane, which open and close…

Q: List the effects of the second messenger?

A: Second messengers are molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target…

Q: Name a drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3…

A: Overactive Bladder Syndrome or OAB is a medical condition in which the ability of the urinary…

Q: Describe the series of event that occurs as an electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron is…

A: The nervous system is highly complex among different organ systems in animals. By transmitting…

Q: 2nd messenger

A: SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS All cells of the body react to their current circumstance. For most cell…

Q: Design a novel drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the…

A: Introduction Overactive Bladder Syndrome or OAB is a medical condition in which the ability of the…

Q: Define the term ligand-gated ion channels?

A: Ion channels are the specialized proteins in the plasma membrane. It help to provide a passageway…

Q: Propose reagents for the conversion of (B) to (C).

A: Amitriptyline, a derivative of dibenzocycloheptadiene is a tricyclic antidepressant that acts by…

Q: Suppose cells A and B, both of which release inhibitory transmitter, are endogenously tonically…

A: The ring oscillator is an odd number of inverters are associated in a series structure with positive…

Q: Explain the roles of presynaptic inhibition and of facilitation

A: Nerve cells work together in clusters to affect each other's functions. The benefit of presynaptic…

Q: To explain: Which component does the KDEL receptor bind its ligand more tightly and more weakly.

A: Proteins are the fundamental building blocks of many biological structures, including cell…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.