Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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- What statement about lipid-soluble signaling is FALSE. These signals often alter gene expression in the cell Requires a transporter to enter the cell Rapidly initiates long-lasting change Steroids are an example of lipid-soluble ligands O Lipid-soluble signals bind to intracellular receptorsarrow_forwardAssighment. Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of each of the four common classes of receptor (e.g. kinase-linked receptors etc.) and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Your diagram should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. For each of the examples describe the mechanism of action in the form below. DO NOT use any of the ligand-receptor combinations provide to you in the Learning Materials to date - research and create a diagram for a novel pathway instead!arrow_forwardMRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein signal kinase transmembrane ligand binding DNA sequence binding domain domain domain domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluidarrow_forward
- A signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its jobarrow_forwardThe Graph below shows the binding curves of two proteins (A and B) for the same ligand (L). Use this Graph and determine the dissociation constant, K, for both proteins. Which protein (A or B) has a greater affinity for ligand L? Which of the two proteins would be more easily inhibited by an antagonist? 1.0 Y 0.5 2 A 4 6 B 8 [L] (μM) 10 12 14 16arrow_forwardras GDP ras ras P.P P.P GTP raf Inactive Active raf Inside of cell Refer to the figure above. A portion of a signal transduction pathway is shown in the figure. The molecule raf is a protein kinase. This molecule becomes activated when a GTP-ras complex binds to it. Which equation describes how activated raf transmits the signal in this pathway? O ATP. --> CAMP +PPi O CAMP --> AMP Inactive enzyme + ATP --> active phosphorylated enzyme + ADP O Inactive phosphorylated enzyme + ADP --> inactive enzyme + ATP Inactive enzyme + ADP --> active phosphorylated enzyme + ATP Assessment Navigator Submit Questionmark Ondemand licensed to University of Dundee PPIParrow_forward
- Most of the GLP-1 receptor structure form part of the transmembrane domain (TMD) that is embedded in the plasma membrane. The TMD enables the transmission of signal induced by the binding of GLP-1 from outside the cell into the cytoplasm of the cell, which in turn initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to insulin secretion. Is the TMD of the receptor mainly hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Explain your answer in 1 – 3 sentences.arrow_forward39 of 41 Which of the following statements best describes autocrine signalling? O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules bind to receptors located on the cell secreting the signalling molecules. A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules bind to receptors located on adjacent cells. O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are released into the circulatory system to bind to receptors located on cells in tissues some distance away. A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are peptide hormones. A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are steroid hormones.arrow_forwardDraw a cell. Draw a receptor that binds to a signaling molecule on the outside of the cell and a receptor that binds to a signaling molecule on the inside of the cell. What property does a signaling molecule that crosses the cell membrane (plasma membrane) need?arrow_forward
- Match each description with the appropriate receptorarrow_forwardWhich of the following describes the way in which phosphorylation cascades can improve signal transduction efficiency in a signal transduction pathway? A B с D They facilitate the amplification of the initial signal. They counter the effects of protein phosphatases. They ensure the production of the correct cellular response. They decrease the speed of signal transduction in the pathway.arrow_forwardO Copy of Pathway divergence occurs when: O signaling pathways produce the same outcome one signaling pathway triggers another Osignaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes. Osignaling pathways use a common intermediate Question 14 Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for halting G-protein coupled receptor signaling? receptor endocytosis. OGDP hydrolysis Arrestins 2. O ATP hydrolysisarrow_forward
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