Although molecular oxygen (O2) does not participate directly in any of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the cycle operates only when O2 is present. Explain this observation.

Iodoacetate reacts irreversibly with the free -SH groups of cysteine residues in proteins.  List which Calvin cycle enzyme(s) you would predict to be inhibited by iodoacetate, and briefly explain why

Why is it reasonable for excess NADH to negatively regulate the citric acid cycle?

a) What carbon-containing molecule exits the citric acid cycle?  Why doesn’t your body capture the carbon-containing molecule you identified in part (a) and use that molecule to build new sugars and fats? Explain your answer.  You have just created a new enzyme that will make the citric acid cycle more efficient! Instead of the citric acid cycle taking 8 steps, all of the bonds between the carbon atoms will be broken in only one step! Is this a good idea? Explain your answer.

There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process.  The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. Several classes of organic reactions like these classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones.  Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle.  List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.

Lactic acid is a biproduct formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. This molecule is dangerous to cells of the body if it builds up too much. Despite this, the formation of lactic acid is very important. Explain why the process of anaerobic respiration is so important (providing reference to glycolysis, the role of coenzymes, and ATP formation).

The citric acid cycle is a cyclical Metabolic pathway located in the chloroplast. true or false?

The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway. In fact, it is interconnected to many pathways we have studied throughout the semester. List 6 connections between the citric acid cycle and other metabolic pathways. Be sure to state briefly the point (i.e.molecule/enzyme shared between CAC and indicated pathway) of connections.

The same reactions that were seen in the process of converting pyruvate to acetyl-S-CoA, occur in step ____ of the citric acid cycle as ____________ is converted to _________________.