Aconitase catalyzes the conversion of Citrate to Isocitrate in the TCA cycle. The standard free energy change (AG0') for this reaction s+6.7 kJ/mol. The observed free energy change (AG) for the reaction in pig heart mitochondria is +0.8 kJ/mol. The ratio of isocitrate]/[citrate] in these mitrochondria is: elect an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.

When rotenone is added to actively respiring bovine mitochondria, the ratio of NADH to NAD+ increases but the FADH2 to FAD ratio remains unchanged.            a. What step in the system is being inhibited by rotenone?                  b. What would be the effect of rotenone on pyruvate oxidation to CO2?                              ____________________ Why?

15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…

Consider a 24:1 △­­cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the following. 1. Gross ATP from b-oxidation cycles 2. Gross ATP from acetyl CoA produced 3. Gross ATP from conversion of propionyl CoA (if applicable) 4. Total number of ATP deducted 5. Total net ATP

In considering active transport by Na + -K + -ATPase at body temperature (37 o C), 3 Na+ are pumped out of the cell and 2 K + are pumped in for each ATP that is hydrolyzed to ADP + P i . Given that underyour experimental conditions, the DG for ATP hydrolysis is -10 kcal/mol, and that V is -60 mV, and that the pump maintains the internal Na + at 10mM, external Na + at 120 mM, internal K + at 120 mM and external K + at 8mM, what is the efficiency of the pump (i.e., what fraction of the energy available from ATP hydrolysis is required to drive transport at the provided levels)?

To carefully prepared mitochondria were added succinate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, orthophosphate, and sodium cyanide. The overall balanced equation is: succinate + 2 cyt c(ox) + ADP + Pi --> fumarate + 2 cyt c(red) + ATP + H2O The standard state free energy of this system is O -10.3 kJ/mol 42.5 kJ/mol O 10.3 kJ/mol -42.5 kJ/mol

Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. Consider that ADP is five times more abundant than AMP.   a. Calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85.   b. Calculate ∆G' for ATP hydrolysis under these conditions (∆G0' for ATP hydrolysis is -32.2 kJ/mol)       The energy charge is defined as ( [ATP] + 1/2 [ADP] ) / ( [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] )

How many molecules of ATP are generated by the complete mitochondrial beta oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid nervonic acid (24:1), also known as 15-tertrasenoic acid (ie, it has a cis-delta 15 double bond). Which enzyme is required in the beta oxidation of nervonic acid that is not required for beta oxidation of lignoceric acid? and what reaction does this enzyme catalyze?

The activity of the mammalian PDH complex is observed to decrease in mitochondria in thepresence of pyruvate when malonate is added to the preparation. How can the inhibition be relievedby addition of malate. Explain.

Calcium is an important regulator of the citric acid cycle. Calcium is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by a Ca²- 2+ uniporter that is driven by the negative potential inside the matrix. Part A Assuming a membrane potential across the inner membrane of 172 mV (inside negative), calculate the ratio of the [Ca2+] in the matrix to that in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]m/[Ca²+]c) that would exist at equilibrium (i.e., AG = 0). Express your answer using two significant figures. [Ca2+]m [Ca2+] = ΤΟ ΑΣΦ Submit Request Answer Part B ? Cytoplasmic [Ca2+] is on the order of 10-7 M in a healthy cell. Based on your answer in Part A, calculate the [Ca2+] that would exist in the matrix at equilibrium. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ☐ μÅ ? Value Units